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Gross Anatomy > Lab 1/Week 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1/Week 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Neuron Cell body

A

contains the organelles that are common in all cells

  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • ER
  • cytoplasm
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2
Q

Dendrites

A

a short branched extension of a neuron where impulses are received and transmitted through a synapse to other cells

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3
Q

Axon

A

incorporates protein ion channels that enable it to conduct an electrochemical signal (action potential) from the cell body to the axon terminals

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4
Q

Synapse

A

When the action potential reaches the axon terminals, a neurotransmitter is released
terminal bouton releases neurotransmitters from presynaptic membrane through synaptic cleft to postsynaptic membrane.

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5
Q

Mitochondria role in synapse

A

supply energy needed for the synaptic transmission process. In both pre and post synaptic membranes

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6
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

one single axon attached to the cell body. still impulses only flow in one direction

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7
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

an axon extending from both sides of the cell body. impulses still flow only in one direction

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8
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

single axon with multiple dendrites and often with a collateral axon. most common in nervous system

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9
Q

Purkinje Neuron

A

found in the cerebellar cortex. super dendrite with lots of branching

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10
Q

Stellate Neuron

A

Found in the cerebral cortex. circle of dendrites with cell body in the middle

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11
Q

Pyrimidal Neuron

A

found in the cerebral cortex. many dendrites from cell body, but one extended dendrite

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12
Q

Golgi preparations

A

stain great for isolating individual neurons for viewing

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13
Q

Nissl preparations

A

stain great for demonstrating cell bodies of neurons

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14
Q

Myelin preparations

A

stains only myelinated fibers and not the cell bodies or dendrites

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15
Q

H&E preparations

A

Haematoxylin & Eosin stain used for normal nerve tissue staining

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16
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

  • brain and spinal cord and optic nerve
  • tracts are collections of axons that carry action potentials
  • nuclei are clusters of neuron cells
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17
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System

  • Everything else
  • nerves are collections of axons that carry action potentials
  • ganglia are clusters of neuron cells
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18
Q

Glial Cells

A

non-neural cells that provide support functions for neurons like regulation of environment.
MICROGLIA- clean up cellular debris
ASTROCYTES
SATELLITE- form BBbarrier within CNS
EPENDYMAL- produce CSF
OLIGODENDROCYTES/SCHWANN CELLS- myelination in CNS/PNS

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19
Q

Astrocytes

A

found through CNS

  • end feet contact with capillaries to produce the blood brain barrier
  • contact with neurons to supply nutrients
  • end feet form glia limitans that coat the inner surface of the pia mater.
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20
Q

Dura Mater

A

tough outermost lining covering brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

the middle layer of covering the spinal cord and brain

  • web like filaments that extend from deep surface to pia mater
  • CSF
  • super attached to dura mater
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22
Q

Pia Mater

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A

innermost layer of meninges

23
Q

Forebrain

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A

anterior part of the brain (proencephalon)

24
Q

Hindbrain

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A

lower part of the brain (rhombencephalon)

25
Brain lobes
(far left in circle) - frontal lobe - parietal lobe - occipetal lobe - cerebellum - medulla - pons - temporal lobe
26
Brain and Spinal cord divisions
``` (superior to inferior) Telencephalon- cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon- pons and cerebellum Myelencephalon- Medulla Spinal Cord- between L1 and L2 ```
27
White Matter
made of axons connecting parts of the grey matter to each other - myelinated - communication
28
Grey Matter
Contains cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and synapses - no extended axons - not myelinated - where processing occurs
29
Myelin Sheath
tight spiral wrapping in schwann cells and oligodendrocytes that cover axon. - gaps between wraps are clefts of Schmidt-Lanterman - gaps between sections of myelination is called nodes of ranvier--allows impulses to jump and go faster and is capable of more complicated exchange of ions
30
Conus medullaris
tapering of the spinal cord
31
Filum terminale
descends to be attached to the back of the coccyx - prolongation of the pia mater - "internum" inside - "externum" extends outside
32
Cauda Equina
- horses tail | - bundle of nerves that take over where spinal cord tapers off
33
Brachial plexus
- nerves for arms | - cervical enlargements on spinal cord indicate origin
34
Lumbosacral Plexus
- nerves for legs | - lumbar enlargements on spinal cord indicate origin
35
Posterior root ganglion
cells of which give rise to peripheral and central nerve fibers
36
Intervertebral foramina
opening between two vertebrae where nerve punches through
37
Fascicle
a bundle of neurons surrounded by connective tissue
38
Nerve
a bundle of fascicles surrounded by connective tissue
39
Epineurium
dense, irregular connective tissue that surrounds all peripheral nerves
40
Perineurium
layer of connective tissue that surround each fascicle (blood nerve barrier)
41
Endoneurium
loose connective tissue that surround each axon in a fascicle
42
Dorsal roots
Only contain sensory neurons from body to the CNS | -receives information
43
Ventral roots
contain motor neurons and fibers from CNS to muscles and internal organs -sends information out
44
Optic nerve exception
Optic nerve is the only cranial nerve considered part of the CNS because myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes instead of schwann cells AND is encased in menongeal layers
45
Name the cranial nerves
1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducent 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagas 11. Spinal Accessory 12. Hypoglossal
46
Dermatome
An area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root
47
Sympathetic
- function under CNS - preganglionic neurons with cell bodies in lateral horn of thoracic and upper lumbar (T1-L2) - acts in sympathy with the emotions - prepares body for fight or flight - pupils dilate and skin sweats - norepinephrine
48
Sympathetic fiber pathways
1. simple pathway- through ventral root and synapse in nearest ganglion 2. Up- ascend the sympathetic chain and synapse in the superior ganglion 3. down- descend the sympathetic chain and synapse in lumbar ganglion 4. weird- goes through sympathetic chain but does not synapse in chain. synapses in thoracic sp;anchnic nerves in pelvis or intestine
49
Parasympathetic
counterbalances the sympathetic system - rest and digest - slows heart and promotes salivation - outflow from CNS is craniosacral - emerge from oculomotor, facial, glossophayngeal, and vagas and sacral segments of spinal cord - acetylcholine
50
Oculomotor nerve (synapse and innervate)
Synapse: ciliary ganglion Innervate: sphincter of the pupil and the ciliary muscle
51
Facial nerve (synapse and innervate)
Synapse: Pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion Innervate: lacrimal and nasal glands, submandibular and sublingual glands
52
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (synapse and Innervate)
Synapse: otic ganglion Innervate: parotid gland
53
Vagas Nerve (Synapse and Innervate)
Synapse: mural/ intermural ganglia in heart, lungs, esophagus,stomach,pancreas, small intestine
54
Enteric
network of plexus in walls of the gut - acts independently and reflexively - involuntary muscle - some plexus are shared with parasympathetic

Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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