Lab 2/Week 2 Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
Thoracic Cage
A
Borders of the thorax Superior: Neck Inferior: Diaphragm Laterally: Ribs and intercostal spaces Posterior: Vertebral Column Anterior: Sternum and costal cartilage
2
Q
Thoracic Cage function
A
- Protect the heart and lung
- provide attachment point for muscles of the thorax, abdomen, back, and extremities
3
Q
Name Parts and joints of the Sternum
A
(Superior-inferior) Manubrium body Xiphoid Joints Superior-inferior Manubristernal joint Xiphisternal Joint
4
Q
Spinous process
A
part of the vertebrae that runs superior to inferior
5
Q
Transverse Process
A
Part of the vertebrae that runs medially and laterally and has a facet for tubercle
6
Q
Body of the vertebrae
A
Heart shaped body with demifacet for rib head
7
Q
Types of ribs and locations
A
True ribs: attached directly to the Sternum (ribs 1-7)
False Ribs: ribs attach to the sternum via costal cartilage (ribs 8-10)
Floating ribs: No connection to the sternum or other structures anteriorly (ribs 11-12)
8
Q
Anteroinferiorly
A
Rib structures go forward and down
9
Q
Name the parts of the rib
A
- head (attaches to demifacet on body of vertebrae of its own number and has a superior costal facet for body of vertebrae superior to the rib)
- neck
- tubercle (attaches to transverse costal facet on transverse process of its own number)
- angle
- costal groove
- shaft
10
Q
Costal groove
A
Contains the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve
11
Q
Movement at the costotransverse joints
A
1-7 costotransverse joints ROTATE to increase size of anteroposterior diameter of thorax
8-10 joints GLIDE to increase transverse diameter of abdomen
11 and 12 don’t move
12
Q
Costovertebral joints
A
connect ribs to vertebrae (bone to bone)
13
Q
Interchondral joints
A
Connect cartilage to cartilage
14
Q
Sternocostal
A
Connect cartilage to sternum anteriorly
15
Q
Costochondral
A
Connect cartilage to rib bone
16
Q
Endothoracic fascia
A
lines innermost intercostal muscle
17
Q
parietal pleura
A
internally lines endothoracic fascia
18
Q
External Intercostal muscle (innervation and action)
A
Innervation: intercostal nerve
Action: Elevates ribs
19
Q
Internal Intercostal muscle
A
Innervation: Intercostal nerve
Action: depresses ribs
20
Q
Innermost intercostal muscle
A
Innervation: Intercostal nerve
Action: Elevates Ribs
21
Q
Transversus thoracis
A
Innervation: Intercostal nerve
Action: Depresses ribs
22
Q
Subcostales
A
Innervation: intercostal nerve
Action: depresses ribs
(connects ribs, but jumps ribs)
23
Q
Levatores Costarum
A
Innervation: Posterior rami of C8-T11 nerves
Action: Elevates Ribs
24
Q
Serratus Posterior superior
A
Innervation: Second-fifth intercostal nerves
Action: Depresses ribs
25
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Innervation: Anterior rami T9-T12 nerves
Action: Depresses ribs
26
Anterior blood supply
Subclavian Artery to internal thoracic Artery to intercostal artery to musclophrenic artery
27
Posterior blood supply
Intercostal arteries are branches of the aorta.
28
Nerve Supply to thoracic wall
intercostal nerves are anterior rami of T1-T11 spinal nerves
| subcostal nerves are anterior ramus of T12
29
Posterior venous draining
intercostal veins drain backwards into AZYGOS VEIN AND HEMIAZYGOS VEINS
30
Anterior venous draining
intercostal veins drain backwards into the INTERNAL THORACIC AND MUSCULOPHRENIC VEINS
31
Muscles used for inspiration
Diaphragm, intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes
32
Passive expiration
Recoil from elasticity of lungs
33
Active expiration
internal intercostal and abdominal muscles
34
Why is the diaphragm parachute shaped?
When you inspire, diaphragm is pushed down to create space in the thoracic cavity and release pressure so lungs can expand. It relaxes back in expiration.
35
How is the thoracic cavity divided?
Medically and laterally
1. Mediastinum
2. Pleura and lungs
36
Visceral and parietal pleura
Visceral pleura is a thin membrane that covers the lungs and parietal pleura is the inner surface of the chest wall
Parietal- costal, cervical, diaphragmatic, and mediastinal parts
37
Mediastinum
Locat d between the pleural cavities and is occupied by the heart and tissues anterior, superior, and posterior to the heart
38
Apex of the lungs
At the neck level of the first rib
39
Inferior border of the lungs
6th rib in the left midclavicular line and 8th rib at midaxilary line
40
Right and left lung comparison
Right lung is larger and heavier and shorter and wider. Due to diaphragm shape and presence of the heart on the left side
41
Right lung divisions
Oblique and horizontal fissures that divide the lung into superior, middle, and inferior lobes
42
Left lung division
Oblique fissure that divides the lung into superior and inferior lobes
43
What makes up the root of the lung?
Bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins, lymph vessels, bronchial vessels, and nerves
Tubular sheath of pleura joins the mediastinal parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
44
Shape of lung surfaces
Concave base that sits on the diaphragm
- convex costal surface
- concave chest wall and mediastinal surface
- hilum is a depression from bronchi, vessels and nerves from lung root leave the lung
45
Bronchopulmonary segments
Each lobular bronchus branches into tertiary segmental bronchi which in turn turns into the bronchopulmomary segments
- pyramidal shape, autonomic, surrounded by connective tissue, has segmental bronchi, artery, lymph vessels and nerves, structural unit
46
Bronchioles
Each segmental bronchus divides repeatedly and replaces cartilage with cartilage plates and the segments get smaller and the cartilage gets smaller
- bronchioles are the smallest unit and do not contain cartilage, just columnar ciliates epithelium
47
Pulmonary plexuses
Receive sympathetic contributions from sympathetic trunk and parasympathetic contributions from Vargas nerve.
48
Sympathetic efferent fibers
Produce bronchodilation and vasoconstriction
49
Parasympathetic efferent fibers
Produce bronchoconstriction and vasodilation and increase glandular secretion
50
Respiratory epithelium
Ciliates pseudo stratified columnar epithelium that lines respiratory tract.
_ ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, basal cells, and norepinephrine cells
51
Arteries function
Carry blood away from the heart toward the tissues
52
Layers of the artery
Tunica interna-innermost layer consisting of endothelium
Tunica media-maintains elasticity and contracticity due to smooth muscle for vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Tunica externa-elastic and collagen fibers
53
Tunica externa
Has own blood supply through vasa vasorum
54
Large size/elastic arteries
Example is aorta
-large and thick walled
_tunica media has more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle
-conducts blood from heart to medium sized arteries
55
Medium sized/ muscular arteries
Delivers blood to specific tissues by simple diffusion
56
Arterioles
Small sized arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
| -regulates blood flow and blood pressure
57
Capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels
-only consist of tunica interna -exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and and tissue cells through interstitial fluid
58
Continuous capillaries
- have complete solid endothelial lining
- found in all 3 muscles, connective tissue, and lung tissue
- most capillaries
- diffuse water and soluble materials, prevent loss of blood cells and plasma protein
59
Fenestrated capillaries
Oval shaped pores in endothelial lining
- permits rapid exchange of water and stuff in or out of capillaries
- found in kidney, small intestine, ciliary process of the eye
60
Sinusoidal capillaries
Large gaping holes that permit passage of blood cells
- found in liver, spleen, and bone marrow
- phagocytic cells monitor blood
61
Capillary bed/ capillary plexus
Interweaving networks connecting artery to a venule
62
Metarteriole
Vessel that emerges from arteriole, passes through the capillary network, nourishes it, and empties it into the venule
63
True capillaries
Emerge from proximal part of metarteriole and reconnect at the distal part of the metarteriole
64
Pre capillary sphincter
Rings of smooth muscle fibers that control blood flow through true capillaries
65
Venules
Smallest vessels that come from capillaries and merge to form veins
66
Veins
Blood from body to heart
- same tunics as arteries but thinner (less smooth muscle and more elasticity
- many contain valves that prevent blood back flow and have blood only running toward the heart
67
Vein valves
Thin folds of tunica interna
-venous blood pressure is really low and can barely hold up against gravity so the valves help control back flow of blood
68
Varicose veins
Dilated veins caused by leaky valves
- genetics, prolonged standing, pregnancy
- gravity results in pulling blood back toward distal part of the vein and increase pressure so the veins bulge.
- walls lose elasticity and become loose
69
Artery/vein recognition
Arteries are thicker and more round, veins have valves
70
Blood reservoirs
Systemic veins and venules because they hold most of the blood (primary ones are abdominal veins and dermal veins)
71
Simple diffusion capillary exchange
Passage of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
72
Vesicular transport
Blood plasma is enclosed by vesicles and enter the walls of capillaries by endo or leave by exocytosis
73
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis
Pinocytosis uptake of liquid droplets by vesicles
| Phagocytosis uptake of solid particles
74
Bulk flow
Fast as hell
- movement of large numbers of molecules in one direction due to pressure change
- net filtration determines change in blood
- important for regulation of relative volumes of blood
- filtration and reabsorption
75
Starlings law of the capillaries
Equilibrium of water and salutes reabsorbed and water and salutes filtered
-if off balance, edema (filtration more than reabsorption) and build up of interstitial fluid
