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Gross Anatomy > Lab 3/Week 3 > Flashcards

Lab 3/Week 3 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Typical cervical vertebrae

A
  • bifid spinous process
  • transverse foramen
  • C2-C6
  • Vertebral artery goes through foramen
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2
Q

Atlas(C1)

A
  • No body, just posterior and anterior arch
  • facet for odontoid process(anterior)
  • facet for occipital condyle (posterior)
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3
Q

Axis (C2)

A
  • odontoid process(anterior)
  • spinous process
  • articulating surface for atlas(anterior)
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4
Q

Typical Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • long and single spinous process
  • demifacets on body for rib articulation
  • heart shaped body
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5
Q

Typical Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • large/kidney shaped body
  • mammillary process for deep muscle attachment
  • short and stubby spinous process
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6
Q

Superior mediastinum

A

superior to the line from the sternal angle anteriorly to the T4/T5 intervertebral disc posteriorly

  • includes:
  • thymus
  • brachiocephalic vein
  • superior vena cava
  • arch of aorta
  • nerves
  • thrachea
  • esophagus
  • thoracic duct
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7
Q

Anterior mediastinum

A

between body of the sternum and pericardial sac, superior to the diaphragm and inferior to the superior mediastinum

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8
Q

Posterior Mediastinum

A

between pericardial sac anteriorly and T5-T12 vertebrae posteriorly

  • includes:
  • esophagus
  • esophageal plexus
  • thoracic aorta
  • azygous venous system
  • thoracic sympathetic trunk and splanchnic nerves
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9
Q

Middle Mediastinum

A

contains pericardial sac, heart, roots of the great vessels, phrenic nerve, arch of azygos

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10
Q

Pericardial sac

A
  • bound to central tendon of diaphragm
  • fused with tunica advntitia of the great vessels
  • anchors the heart to the mediastinum
  • prevents overstretching of the heart
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11
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

outer surface of the pericardial sac

-fibrous and tough

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12
Q

Serous pericardium

A
  • smooth and shiny
  • parietal layer covers inner surface of fibrous pericardium
  • visceral layer adheres to heart (epicardium)
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13
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

potential space between the opposing layers of serrous pericardium
-contains fluid that enables heart to move and beat without friction

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14
Q

Pericardiacophrenic vessels

A

-main blood supply to and from pericardial sac

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15
Q

Phrenic nerves

A
  • main source of sensory fibers for pain sensation to pericardial sac
  • motor fibers go to diaphragm
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16
Q

vagas nerves

A
  • provide sensory fibers to the visceral layer of serrous pericardium
  • descends through neck into thorax
  • innervates thorax at esophagus, trachea, heart, bronchi, and lungs
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17
Q

Apex of the heart

A
  • pointed inferolateral end of the heart

- formed by the tip of the left ventricle

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18
Q

Base of the heart

A
  • the superior end of the heart
  • great vessels enter/exit the chambers
  • formed by the left atrium
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19
Q

Epicardium

A
  • visceral layer of the serrous pericardium
  • thin
  • transparent
  • adheres to the heart
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20
Q

Myocardium

A
  • the muscular wall of the heart

- the cardiac muscle tissue responsible for pumping action

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21
Q

Endocardium

A
  • provides the smooth lining of the inside of the heart chambers
  • covers the valves of the heart
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22
Q

Interatrial septum

A

separates the two atria

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23
Q

Interventricular septum

A

separates the two ventricles

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24
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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25
Bicuspid/mitral valve
located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
26
Heart murmur
-usually associated with a valve disorder
27
Pulmonary Circuit
right side of the heart pumps OXYGEN POOR/DEOXYGENATED BLOOD into the pulmonary circulation to the air sacs/alveoli of the lungs
28
Systemic Circuit
-left side of the heart pumps OXYGEN RICH/OXYGENATED BLOOD into the systemic circulation to all tissues of the body
29
Pulmonary arteries
- divide into branches for each lobe of the lungs - those branches divide into branches for each segment of the lobes - those branches follow the segmental bronchi into each bronchopulmonary segment
30
Segmental arteries
- divide into capillaries around the walls of the lung alveoli - gas exchange can occur by simple diffusion
31
Pulmonary veins
carry blood to the left atrium from the lungs
32
Cardiac circulation
blood supply to the myocardium
33
Coronary arteries
supply the epicardium and myocardium with blood | -endocardium gets blood from simple diffusion
34
Coronary dominance
whichever coronary artery gives off the posterior interventricular artery is said to have dominance -90% have right coronary dominance
35
Arteriosclerosis
thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
36
atherosclerosis
deposition of plaque in the walls of medium and large arteries
37
Myocardial infarction
-part of the blood supply to the myocardium becomes blocked and cardiac muscle cells die from lack of oxygen
38
Medulla Oblongata
nervous control of the cardiovascular system stems from the cardiovascular center. -vasomotor center is inside cardiovascular center
39
Cardiac plexus location
- superior to pulmonary trunk bifurcation - anterior to tracheal bifurcation - posterior to ascending aorta
40
Cardiac plexus fiber origins
- sympathetic innervation: from cervical and upper thoracic ganglia of sympathetic trunk - parasympathetic innervation: vagas nerves
41
Cardiac plexus fibers function
- sympathetic stimulation: increased heart rate and force of contraction and dilation of coronary arteries - parasympathetic stimulation: reduction of heart rate and force contraction and constriction of coronary arteries
42
Parasympathetic nerve endings
-concentrate in the atria with SA and AV nodes
43
Sympathetic nerve endings
- SA and AV nodes in all four chambers | - both atria and both ventricles
44
Autorhythmic cells
- self excitable cells that repeatedly generate action potentials that then trigger heart contractions - set the rhythm for entire heart (considered pacemaker) - form the route for conducting action potentials throughout the heart muscle
45
Conducting system
- ensures that cardiac chambers contract in a coordinated manner - includes: - Sinoatrial node(base of superior vena cava) - Atrioventricular node(on top of crystal terminales) - conducting cells
46
Conducting system mechanism
1. autorhythmic cells initiate AP and atria contract 2. AV nodes receive AP from SA node 3. AV bundle(bundle of his) receives AP from AV node 4. Right and left bundle branches receive AP from AV bundles 5. bundle branches send AP to cardiac muscle cells (purkinje fibers) that control heartbeat 6. purkinje fubers send AP to myocardium and ventricles contract
47
Cardiac cycle
-describes all the activities of the heart through one complete heartbeat.
48
systole
one contraction
49
diastole
one relaxation
50
electrocardiogram
- recording of the electrical currents during the cardiac cycle detected on the surface of the body by electrodes of an electrocardiograph. - ECG/EKG
51
Thymus
- held together by dense irregular connective tissue - lies between sternum and base of the heart - 10-12 age, thymus reaches max size (40 grams) then atrophies - maturation site for T-lymphocytes NOT PRODUCED
52
Brachiocephalic vein
- subclavian vein +internal jugular vein | - on each side of the neck
53
Superior vena cava
- right brachiocehalic vein+left brachiocephalic vein - superior part is in superior mediatinum and inferior part is in the middle mediastinum - major vein that returns blood to the heart from all structures superior to the diaphragm except heart and lungs
54
Ascending aorta
- begins at aortic orfice of left ventricle - lies within pericardial sac - two branches:right coronary and left coronary arteries
55
Arch of the aorta
- terminates to the left of the T4 vertebral body - connected by ligamentum arteriosum to the left of the pulmonary artery - ligamentum arteriosum is remnant of ductuc arteriosus
56
Brachiocephalic trunk
-divides into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
57
Esophageal plexus
-left and right vagas nerve come together to make it
58
vagas nerve division near diaphragm
- separation into anterior and posterior vagal trunks - left=anterior surface - right=posterior surface
59
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
- left and right - both function innervate trachea, esophagus, and intrinsic muscles of laynx except cricothyroid muscle - both function for movement of vacal cords - left- originates from left vagas nerve as it crosses left side of aortic arch - right-originates from right vagas nerve in root of neck
60
injury of either recurrent layngeal nerve
- hoarseness and dysphonia - trouble with speach - INJURY OF THE LEFT IS MORE COMMON BECAUSE THERE IS MORE OF IT
61
paralysis of both recurrent laryngeal nevers
- aphonia-no speech | - inspiratory stridor-harsh/high pitched noise
62
Trachea
- flexible tubular pathway for air - divided into right primary bronchus and left primary bronchus - c-shaped incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage
63
Trachealis muscle
-holds the open ends of the rings together
64
Carina
- formed by posterioinferior projection of last tracheal cartilage. - internal ridge where trachea divides into bronchus
65
Esophagus
- pierces the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus to become continuous with the stomach - anterior to aorta - from superior mediatinum to posterior mediastinum
66
Thoracic duct
- extends from abdomen to the neck - also in posterior mediastinum - begins as cisterna chyli - terminates at union of left subclavian artery and left internal jugular vein - collects lymph from lower limbs and left side head/neck
67
Descending aorta
thoracic part-begins as a continuation of aortic arch and travels through posterior mediatinum abdominal part- thoracic part pierces diaphragm at the aortic hiatus and takes on new name
68
Descending aorta branches
- bronchial - pericardial - esophageal - mediastinal - posterior intercostal - superior phrenic - subcostal
69
Azygos venous system
- ultimately drains into the superior vena cava - drain blood from body walls of thorax and abdomen - azygos vain(right, ascending) hemiazygous vein (left, ascending) accessory hemiazygos vein (left, descending) - serves as a bypass for a blocked inferior vena cava which would normally drain blood from lower body
70
azygos vein
- formed by union of ascending lumbar vein and subcostal vein (right side) - drains into superior vena cava - receives blood from posterior intercostal veins except first one, hemi and accessory hemi, esophageal,bronchial, mediastinal, and pericardial veins
71
Hemiazygos vein
- formed from union of ascending lumbar vein and subcostal vein (left side) - drains into azygos vein - receives blood from left intercostal veins(9-11), subcostal vein, inferior esophageal vein
72
Accessory hemiazygos vein
- DECENDS - drains into azygos vein or connect to hemiazygos vein - receives blood from left posterior intercostal veins 4-8
73
Drainage of thoracic duct
- receives lymph from everywhere BUT... - upper right side of body, right upper limb, right region of chest, right region of head and neck. - (those are received by lymphatic duct which is smaller)
74
thoracic sympathetic trunk
- covered by parietal pleura - posterior to parietal pleura on head of ribs - on the sides of vertebrae - 10-11 ganglia for synapsing - preganglionic neuron-->ganglia-->postganglionic neruon
75
types of splanchnic nerves
1. greater- 5-9 sympathetic ganglia 2. lesser- 10 and 11 sympathetic ganglia 3. least- 12 sympathetic ganglia -carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers to prevertebral ganglia in abdomen for innervation of abdomenal viscera

Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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