Lab 11 Flashcards
(44 cards)
two components of the respiratory system which allow gas exchange in the body.
Ventilation and respiration
Breathing, or ?, is the process by which atmospheric gases are brought into and out of the lungs for external respiration
pulmonary ventilation
the exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lung tissues
external respiration
external respiration involves ?, the entrance of air into the lungs, and ?, the exit of air out of the lungs
- inspiration (inhalation)
- expiration (exhalation)
exchange of gases between the lungs and blood involves chemical exchanges known as
the chloride shift at the lungs
promotes proper loading of O2 into the blood and unloading of CO2 to the lungs.
the chloride shift at the lungs
O2 circulates through the blood and is exchanged at the tissues for CO2. This process of exchange in the tissues is called ? and involves ?.
- internal respiration
- the chloride shift at the tissues
allows for optimal unloading of O2 to the tissues and loading of CO2 into the blood, while maintaining proper pH balance.
the chloride shift at the tissues
a mechanical process that relies on volume and pressure changes in the thoracic cavity.
Pulmonary ventilation
explains the relationship between the pressure and volume of gases. The law states that at a constant temperature the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
- Boyle’s Law
When atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure in the lungs, atmospheric gases follow the ? to enter the lungs.
pressure differential
occur during exercise and some chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) involve other chest and neck muscles to help increase the thoracic volume.
Forced inspirations
an active process that involves contraction of the
abdominal muscles (obliques and transverse), the internal intercostals, latissimus dorsi, and quadratus
lumborum muscles.
Forced expiration
Pulmonary ventilation is influenced by four physical factors. These are ?
airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, and lung compliance and elasticity
? is due to the friction of air moving through the respiratory passageways
Airway resistance
Gas flow through the respiratory conduction system is determined by the same factors that effect blood flow in the cardiovascular system.
Flow = ΔP/R
Poiseuille’s Law
Flow = (ΔPr 4π) / (8Lη)
major factors affecting air flow
the pressure differences (ΔP) and radius (r) of the airway
? results from the polar attraction of liquids (cohesion).
Alveolar surface tension
Since the fluid that coats the alveoli is primarily water, a high surface tension exists at the gas/liquid interface in the alveoli. This causes an inward pressure on the walls of the alveoli and reduces their size. Alveoli do not collapse under this pressure due to the actions of a detergent-like molecule called ?.
surfactant
Surfactant is a mixture of lipids and protein made by ?.
type II alveolar cells
the ease with which the lungs can be expanded. It is affected by the stretchability of the lung tissue and the surface tension in the alveoli.
Lung compliance
Conditions such as ? lower lung compliance and make it difficult to breathe.
tuberculosis, pneumonia, and chronic bronchitis
? is the tendency of the lungs to return to their original size after distension (?). This allows a passive exhalation in normal breathing as the diaphragm relaxes.
- Lung elasticity
- elastic recoil
