Lab 12

Question 0

As blood enters the glomerulus through the ?, ? forces water, solutes, and waste material into the glomerular (Bowmans’) capsule.

Answer 0

• afferent arteriole

- hydrostatic pressure

Question 1

The ? carry out the process of filtration.

Answer 1

glomerular capillaries

Question 2

The material that enters the ? is called filtrate.

Answer 2

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 3

blood plasma without the plasma proteins.

Answer 3

Filtrate

Question 4

The total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys represents the ?.

Answer 4

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 5

Urine formation adjusts blood composition by the processes of ? and ?, which are carefully regulated by renal and hormonal controls.

Answer 5

• tubular reabsorption

- secretion

Question 6

By the time the filtrate reaches the collecting duct it has had most of the water, nutrients, and essential ions removed. The remaining fluid is ? and contains predominantly metabolic waste and unnecessary substances.

Answer 6

urine

Question 7

The waste products in urine include ? and ? (derived from protein catabolism), ? (derived from fat catabolism), and excess solutes.

Answer 7

• urea
• creatinine
• ketone bodies

Question 8

Further reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes is mediated by hormonal action at the ? and ?.

Answer 8

• distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

- collecting duct.

Question 9

Due to the recycling of salt and urea between the limbs of the ? and the collecting duct, the interstitial fluid around the collecting duct is hypertonic. This recycling process is called the ?.

Answer 9

• nephron loop (of Henlé)

- countercurrent multiplier system

Question 10

The principles of osmosis would cause water to flow out of the collecting duct and be reabsorbed for general circulation; however, the reabsorption of water is dependent on the number of ? in the cell membrane of the collecting duct.

Answer 10

aquaporins (water channels)

Question 11

To change the permeability of the collection duct and increase water absorption, ? is released from the posterior pituitary.

Answer 11

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

? in the hypothalamus respond to the increased osmolality and stimulate the posterior pituitary to release ADH.

Answer 12

Osmoreceptors

Question 13

? are chemicals that enhance urinary output (increase water in the collecting ducts and thus increase urine volume).

Answer 13

Diuretics

Question 14

Some chemicals act as ?, e.g., glucose in an individual with diabetes mellitus.

Answer 14

osmotic diuretics

Question 15

High blood glucose levels cause an excess of glucose in the filtrate which saturate the ? in the PCT.

Answer 15

transport carriers

Question 16

? regulates the electrolyte balance of Na+ and K+.

Answer 16

Aldosterone

Question 17

? is a very important electrolyte for proper blood volume, blood pressure, and nervous system signaling.

Answer 17

• Na+

Question 18

? is required for normal functioning of cardiac and skeletal muscle, along with nervous system signaling.

Answer 18

K+

Question 19

? can produce fatal cardiac arrhythmias.

Answer 19

Hyperkalemia

Question 20

? can also produce arrhythmias as well as muscle weakness.

Answer 20

Hypokalemia

Question 21

A drop in Na+ levels will indirectly stimulate the release of aldosterone through the ?.

Answer 21

renin-angiotensin system

Question 22

Renin is released from the ? of the kidneys and stimulates the release of aldosterone through the formation of ?.

Answer 22

• juxtaglomerular apparatus

- angiotensin II

Question 23

The yellow coloration in urine is due to the presence of ?, a pigment derived from the destruction of hemoglobin.

Answer 23

urochrome

Question 24

The ? is a measurement of the solute content of the urine compared to that of distilled water.

Answer 24

specific gravity (SG)

Question 25

SG decreases due to increases in urine volume. ? decreases the release of ADH, which leads to an increase in urine volume.

Answer 25

Diabetes insipidus

Question 26

? and an increased fluid intake also increase urine volume and decrease the SG.

Answer 26

Diuretics

Question 27

SG increases due to decrease in urine volume. Conditions such as ? or ? will decrease urine volume and an increase in SG.

Answer 27

- dehydration | - increased Na+ absorption

Question 28

A condition known as ? leads to an increase in ADH secretion, which promotes water retention and an increase in SG.

Answer 28

SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion)

Question 29

When urine is extremely concentrated, solutes can precipitate out of solution and lead to ?.

Answer 29

renal calculi (kidney stones)

Question 30

? is excessive protein in the urine due to glomerulonephritis or other renal diseases.

Answer 30

Proteinuria

Question 31

? is excessive glucose in the urine due to diabetes mellitus.

Answer 31

Glycosuria

Question 32

? is excessive ketone bodies in the urine due to starvation or untreated diabetes mellitus.

Answer 32

Ketonuria

Question 33

? is due to hemoglobin present in the urine from hemolysis of RBCs. This can be caused by transfusion reactions, hemolytic anemia, or severe burns.

Answer 33

Hemoglobinuria

Question 34

? is bilirubin in the urine due to liver damage (hepatitis or cirrhosis) or obstruction of the bile ducts.

Answer 34

Bilirubinuria