lab 11

Question 1

urine has an osmolarity value of
cytosol has an osmolarity value of
blood plasma
interstitial fluid

Answer 1

600
302
303
302

Question 2

ultrafilteration/tubular secretion

Answer 2

regulation of extracellular body fluid composition and amount depend largely upon the kidneys ability to excrete various substances into urine

Question 3

tubular reabsorption

Answer 3

selectively reabsorb substances from urine by the process

Question 4

function of kidneys

Answer 4

regulation of water, inorganic ion balance, blood volume and pH
removal of metabolic waste products like (urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin)

Question 5

kidney function (production of hormones/enzymes)

Answer 5

hormones:
erythropoietin
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
enzymes : 
renin, angiotensin 
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a signaling pathway responsible for regulating the body's blood pressure. Stimulated by low blood pressure or certain nerve impulses (e.g. in stressful situations), the kidneys release an enzyme called renin.

Question 6

a student studying for a lab practical is pounding caffeinated energy drinks, however this student is frustrated bc they have to interrupt their studying to take multiple trips to the bathroom. What is causing them to have to visit the bathroom so much? what is happening physiologically to cause this?

Answer 6

caffeine is a natural diuretic, induces more urine production. if more urine is being secreted the amount of blood that fills arteries and veins increases and BP increases as well

Question 7

what might cause ketones and glucose to be present in urine sample? what could their presence tell you about that person’s health?

Answer 7

your body is using fats rather than carbs for energy, and your cells aren’t getting enough glucose. High ketone levels in urine may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (uncontrolled diabetes, insulin deficiency( body cannot breakdown sugar for energy ) can also cause this)

Question 8

assuming you start at the same level of hydration, would drinking 20oz of gatorade or 20oz of water lead to more urine production?

Answer 8

gatorade contains electrolytes through osmosis helps the body retain more water making you urinate less compared to drinking plain water.

Question 9

urea comes from the catabolism of

Answer 9

amino acids/proteins

Question 10

uric acid comes from

Answer 10

nucleic acids

Question 11

creatinine is derived from muscle

Answer 11

creatine

Question 12

bilirubin is the end product of ____ breakdown

Answer 12

hemoglobin breakdown

Question 13

what do these organic compounds have in common

Answer 13

they are all metabolic waste products removed by kidney and the end products of hemoglobin breakdown (which give urine its color)

Question 14

compare urine output
0.9% solution
2.0% solution
caffeine/tea

Answer 14

0.9 is a isotonic solution so not much difference
2.0 urine output will decrease since it is hypertonic to the cell causing water retention
caffeine = natural diuretic and this induces more urine production, higher value of urine output should be expected with tea as well because it is a hypotonic solution similar affects to water
if more urine is being secreted the amount of blood that fills arteries and veins increases =increases BP