1. Tactile sensations 2. Thermoreceptive Sensations (heat and cold) 3. Pain Sensations

1. Touch 2. Pressure 3. Vibration

Lab 13 Flashcards by Kamryn Ordes

Cutaneous Sensations

Tactile sensations
Thermoreceptive Sensations (heat and cold)
Pain Sensations

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Tactile Sensations

Touch
Pressure
Vibration

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Touch

(a) Root Hair Plexuses
(b) Free (naked) Nerve Endings
(c) Merkel’s Discs
(d) Meissner’s Corpuscles (corpuscles of touch/tactile receptors)
(e) Ruffini

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Pressure

(a) Free Nerve Endings

(b) Lamellated or Pacinian Corpuscles

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Vibration

(a) Corpuscles of Touch (Meissner’s Corpuscles) (b) Lamellated Corpuscles (Pacinian Corpuscles)

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Thermoreceptive Sensations (heat and cold)

free nerve endings

- Krause’s end bulbs (cold)

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Pain Sensations

(1) Somatic Pain

(2) Visceral Pain

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nocieptors

pain receptors

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most pain here is referred pain

visceral pain

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Receptors

(1) Muscle Spindles
(2) Tendon Organs [Golgi Tendon Organs]
(3) Joint Kinesthetic Receptors
(4) Maculae and Cristae (in inner ear)

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taste buds consist of 3 kinds of cells:

(1) Supporting (sustentacular) Cells

(2) Gustatory Cells (3) Basal Cells

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are receptor cells themselves neurons

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Location of Taste Buds

(1) Circumvallate (or vallate) Papillae
(2) Fungiform Papillae
(3) Filiform Papillae
(4) Foliate Papillae

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all have taste buds

Circumvallate (or vallate) Papillae

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most have taste buds; tip and sides

Fungiform Papillae

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rarely have taste buds; anterior 2/3

Filiform Papillae

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have taste buds; deep sides

Foliate Papillae

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Special senses

Gustation (Taste)
Olfaction (Smell)
Vision (The Retina)
Hearing

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Structure of Receptors

(1) Supporting (sustentacular) Cells
(2) Olfactory Receptor Cells with olfactory cilia
(3) Basal Cells

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what type of neurons are olfactory receptor cells with olfactory cilia

bipolar

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rich sebaceous glands

eyebrows

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palpebrae

eyelids

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ciliary glands

eyelashes

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Lacrimal Apparatus

(1) Lacrimal Gland
(2) Lacrimal Ducts
(3) Lacrimal Punctum
(4) Lacrimal Canals (canaliculi)
(5) Lacrimal Sac (nasolacrimal duct)

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Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye

lateral rectus supeior oblique all of the rest

lateral rectus

VI abducens

superior oblique

IV trochlear

all of the rest

3 occulomotor

Internal Anatomy of the Eye is divided into 3 layers:

Fibrous Tunic Vascular Tunic or Uvea | Nervous Tunic

extrinsic eye muscles attach here

sclera

1st element of the light focusing system

cornea

fibrous tunic

sclera and cornea

vascular tunic or uvea

choroid, cilary body, iris | pupil

nervous tunic

retina

- nonreflecting dark pigment | - vascular

choroid

what makes up the ciliary body

ciliary process, ciliary ring, ciliary muscles

when the circular muscles in the iris constrict, are they sympathetic or parasympathetic

parasympathetic

when the radial muscles in the iris dilate, are they sympathetic or parasympathetic

sympathetic

three zones of the retina named in the order in which they conduct impulses

1. photoreceptor neurons 2. bipolar neurons 3. ganglion neurons

what percent are rod cells

95%

what percent are cone cells

where is the anterior chamber

in front of the iris

where is the posterior chamber

behind the iris

what is the leading cause of blindness

glaucoma

what is glaucoma

too much intraocular pressure

lens becomes cloudy due to calcium deposits and the breakdown of proteins

cataracts

what do the lens do

focusing system

optic disc

blind spot

macula lutea

yellow spot

emmetropic eye

normal

myopic eye

nearsighted

hyperopic eye

farsighted

eye too short or refracting parts too weak (image behind | retina)

hyperopic eye

how do you correct farsightedness

convex lens

eye too long or refracting parts too strong (image in front of retina)

myopic move

how do you correct nearsightedness

concave lens

unequal curvature of the lens and/or cornea

astigmatism

- long tube coiled like a snail shell | - the organ of hearing

cochlea

what are the three canals of the cochlea

(1) vestibular canal (scala vestibuli) (2) tympanic canal (scala tympani) (3) cochlear canal (scala media)

sensory portion of the cochlea

organ of corti

hangs over the organ of Corti

tectorial membrane

a complicated labyrinth of interconnected, fluid-filled chambers and canals

Inner Ear (internal ear) or Labyrinth

refers to orientation of body relative to the ground (gravity)

static equilibrium

maintenance of body position in response to sudden movements (rotation, acceleration, deceleration)

dynamic equilibrium

concerned with the sense of | equilibrium) kinetic/dynamic

semicircular canals

awareness of stimuli

sensation

interpretation of stimuli

perception

brain refers sensation to point of stimulus

projection

decrease in sensitivity to stimuli

adapatation

sensations that persist even after stimuli

after image

specific type of sensation felt

modality

receptors under touch

``` root hair plexus free naked nerve endings merkels discs meissner's corpuscles ruffini's corpuscles lamallated or pacicinian corpuscles ```

root hair plexus

network of roots around the hair, not encapsulated

where are the free naked nerve endings found?

everywhere in the skin and other tissues, not encapsulated

light touch, found in the epidermis, not encapsulated, free dendritic endings

merkel's discs

fine and discriminatory touch, found in the dermis and hairless areas, encapsulated

meissner's corpuscles

deep in the dermis, heavy and continuous touch, encapsulated

ruffinis corpuscles

deep in the dermis or subcutaneous, deep pressure

pacinian corpuscles

which two receptors deal with vibration?

pacinian and meissners (meissners detects a lower frequency and pacinian detects a higher frequency)

thermoreceptors

krause's end bulbs 16,000 heat receptors in skin cold receptors more abundant than heat pain receptors are 27x more abundant than cold

detect cold, modified meissner's, found in muscus membranes

krause's end bulbs

what percent of taste is smell

80%

circumvallate

all have taste buds

fungiform

most have taste buds

filiform

rarely have taste buds

foliate

all have taste buds, most sensitive

what are the 5 tastes

``` sweet sour salty bitter umami ```

how long does it take for complete gustatory adaptation to take place?

1-5 minutes

how long does it take for partial gustatory adaptation to take place?

3-5 seconds

what taste are we most sensitive to?

bitter and sour

what taste are we least sensitive to?

sweet and salty

what is the pathway for gustatory

``` facial (VII) Glosso (IX) Vagus (X) Medulla thalamus parietal lobe ```

how fast is olfactory adaptation

50% within 1 second, 100% in 1 minutes

olfactory pathway

olfactory (I) Olfactory bulb olfactory tract cerebral cortex

what are your palpebrae

eyelids

Lab 13 Flashcards

(95 cards)