Lab 3

Question 1

Protozoan flagellates reproduce in their host by _________

Answer 1

longitudinal binary fission

Question 2

Protozoan flagellates have ______ infective stage(s).

Answer 2

one

Question 3

you will find many/few flagellates in the host

Answer 3

many

Question 4

Axoneme-

Answer 4

microtubular rod that is central part of the flagellum; arises from kinetosome

Question 5

Axostyle-

Answer 5

a stout microtubular rod that runs throughout the body. In trichomonads, it extends out from posterior end

Question 6

Kinetosome-

Answer 6

origin of flagellum (found at the base of flagellum). structure is identical to centrioles of other eukaryotic cells

Question 7

Kinetoplast-

Answer 7

a dark staining disc composed of circles of DNA.

Question 8

The kinetoplast is found within the ________

Answer 8

mitochondrion

Question 9

undulating membrane-

Answer 9

formed by a flagellum bent back along and loosely attached to cell surface. involved in cell motility

Question 10

most flagellates have ______ nucleus(i), except for ________ and _______ who both have ______ transcriptionally active nucleus(i)

Answer 10

one
Giardia and Diaentamoeba
two

Question 11

Parabasal body-

Answer 11

golgi apparatus

Question 12

Hemoflagellates are so named because:

Answer 12

they live in the blood during one stage of their life cycle

Question 13

Hemoflagellates have a _____ shaped body, a _______ located nucleus, and they contain a ________

Answer 13

spindle-shaped
centrally
kinetoplast

Question 14

Hemoflagellates use what for motility

Answer 14

flagellum or flagellum with undulating membrane

Question 15

most hemoflagellates are heteroxenous, meaning they _______

Answer 15

require development within two hosts in their life cycle.

Question 16

One exception to the rule that most hemoflagellates are heteroxenous are _______ because they are ________.

Answer 16

Crithidia spp
monoxenous
(they are parasites of invertebrates, not vertebrates)

Question 17

Hemoflagellates are pleomorphic, meaning they _____

Answer 17

have different morphological forms, depending on host and location within host. Trypanosome spp are most diverse in form during their life cycle.

Question 18

The morphological forms forund in hemoflagellates are: (5 forms)

Answer 18

amastigote, choanomastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote

Question 19

Describe three facts about the amastigote-

Answer 19

round, no flagella, intracellular form in host

Question 20

describe the shape of the choanomastigote-

Answer 20

teardrop shape, with the flagellum extending from a funnel shaped pocket at the anterior end. this morphological form is found in insects.

Question 21

Flagella are directed towards the _____ end of trypanosomes

Answer 21

anterior

Question 22

Describe the features of the promastigote form

Answer 22

kinetoplast at the anterior end with the flagellum, no undulating membrane

Question 23

describe the features of the epimastigote

Answer 23

kinetoplast is located between anterior end and nucleus with a short undulating membrane running from the middle to the anterior end

Question 24

Trypomastigote-

Answer 24

kinetoplast posterior to the nucleus and the flagellum arising near it to run along a long undulating membrane the length of the parasite

Question 25

Where are amastigote, choanomastigote, promastigote, epimastigote and trypomastigote located respectively?

Answer 25

intracellular, not in vertebrates, infective stage for leishmania, in the gut of the insect, in blood

Question 26

Hemoflagellates have an ______ life cycle

Answer 26

indirect

Question 27

What two modes of infection occur with hemoflagellates?

Answer 27

Salivarian and stercorarian

Question 28

how does salivarian infection occur?

Answer 28

"anterior station" infection by inoculation in saliva during bloodsucking activity of infected invertebrate host. Infective stages develop in vector gut.

Question 29

Which hemoflagellates infect via salivarian mode?

Answer 29

T. b. brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, Leishmania spp

Question 30

Which salivarian infective hemoflagellate is transmitted via sand fly?

Answer 30

Leishmania spp

Question 31

Which salivarian infective hemoflagellates are transmitted via tsetse fly

Answer 31

T. b. brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense,

Question 32

Stercorarian infection ("_______") is infection via:

Answer 32

contamination of bite wound with invertebrate host feces. Infective stages develop in vector hind gut and infective stages in feces are either ingested, rubbed into bite wound or penetrate mucous membranes.

Question 33

Which two hemoflagellates infect hosts via stercorarian infection and what vector's feces do they come from?

Answer 33

T. cruzi (feces of Kissing bug) and T. lewisi (feces of flea)

Question 34

Which two hemoflagellates exhibit monoxenous life cycles and what is their host?

Answer 34

Crithidia fasiculata (in insects) and T. equiperidum (in horses; sexually transmitted)

Question 35

What are the 3 african trypanosomes?

Answer 35

T. brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense

Question 36

Which form of the african trypanosomes is morphologically indistinguishable between species?

Answer 36

trypomastigotes

Question 37

The vector for african trypanosomes is the _______, via ___________

Answer 37

Glossina spp, aka tsetse flies, via salivarian

Question 38

Where is the geographic location of african trypanosomes?

Answer 38

15N-->25S in africa. The "African Fly Belt"

Question 39

The rule of thumb for african trypanosomes is that _______ inhabits east and central africa, while ______ inhabits west and central africa.

Answer 39

T. b. rhodesiense | T. b. gambiense

Question 40

T. rhodesiense/gambiense cause what sickness?

Answer 40

african sleeping sickness

Question 41

T. gambiense causes the "_____" form of trypanosomiasis, while rhodesiense causes the "_____" form of the disease

Answer 41

"chronic" | "acute"

Question 42

The incubation period for gambiense is _____ | The incubation period for rhodesiense is ____

Answer 42

months to years | 2-3 weeks

Question 43

infection of the CNS can occur in ____ weeks with rhodesiense

Answer 43

4-6 weeks

Question 44

______ are reservoir host for gambiense, ______ are reservoir host for rhodesiense

Answer 44

- humans (pigs potentially, but dominantly human) | - Wild animals and domestic cattle

Question 45

T. brucei brucei causes the disease "_____" in native herbivores. it infects and is fatal in all _____, but does not ever infect _______

Answer 45

"nagana" non-native livestock humans

Question 46

The infective stage of african trypanosomes is the ______, and the stage found in hosts is the _______

Answer 46

metacyclic trypomastigote | trypomastigote

Question 47

Pathology: African trypanosomiasis. Trypanosome invasion of CNS leads to ____ and eventually _____

Answer 47

lethargy | coma/death

Question 48

The major virulence factor of african trypanosomes is their ability to change _____. This includes variation in _______, evasion of _____ and exhaustion of _______

Answer 48

their antigenic coat surface glycoprotein antigens hosts immune responses host immune system

Question 49

Diagnosis of Trypanosomes =

Answer 49

trypomastigotes in the blood, lymph node aspirates or CNS fluid

Question 50

three things you can see on trypomastigotes at 1000X

Answer 50

undulating membrane, nucleus, small kinetoplast

Question 51

T. cruzi can be identified by what symptom?

Answer 51

Romano's sign

Question 52

Where do T. cruzi amastigotes like to colonize?

Answer 52

muscle tissue

Question 53

where do Leishmania amastigotes like to colonize?

Answer 53

macrophages, found in internal organs

Question 54

the old world Leishmania are: (3) and they are transmitted by:

Answer 54

L. tropica, major, donovani | Phlebotomus spp

Question 55

the new world leishmania are: (3) and they are transmitted by:

Answer 55

L. chagasi, mexicana, braziliensis | Lutzomyia spp

Question 56

Three clinical leishmania syndromes:

Answer 56

cutaneous (oriental sore), mucocutaneous (espundia) and visceral (black fever)

Question 57

which leishmania cause cutaneous disease:

Answer 57

L. major tropical brazilians

Question 58

Which leishmania cause mucocutaneous disease:

Answer 58

L. braziliensis

Question 59

Which leishmania causes visceral disease?

Answer 59

L. donovani and chagasi (donny and chavez)

Question 60

Which leishmania stage is infective to flies? to humans?

Answer 60

amastigote | promastigote

Question 61

How do you identify Giardia lamblia trophs?

Answer 61

2 nuclei, 8 flagella, teardrop shape

Question 62

how do you identify Giardia lamblia cysts?

Answer 62

4 nuclei, no flagella

Question 63

which giardia stage is infective?

Answer 63

cysts

Question 64

What is the name of the non-pathogenic commensal flagellate in the colon of humans?

Answer 64

Chilomastix mesnili (just chills in your colon)

Question 65

how do you identify chill to the max troph?

Answer 65

4 flagella, one nucleus, pear shaped

Question 66

how do you identify chill to the max cyst?

Answer 66

lemon shaped with a nipple, one nucleus no flagella

Question 67

What are the names of the two trichomonas?

Answer 67

Pentatrichomonas hominis | Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 68

How do you identify pentatrichomonas hominid?

Answer 68

The axostyle! and it came from a fecal smear!

Question 69

how do you identify trichomonas vaginalis?

Answer 69

the axostyle and it came from a vagina!

Question 70

``` Name the organisms you could find on these slides? vagina- fecal smear- blood smear- muscle tissue- organ tissue- ```

Answer 70

``` vagina- Trichomonas vaginalis fecal smear- Giardia lamblia, Chilomastix mesnili, Pentratrichomonas hominis blood smear- The Trypanosomes muscle tissue-T. cruzi organ tissue- The leishmanias ```