Lab 3

Question 1

Staphylococcus: - Habitat, Morphology, Staining

Answer 1

Habitat:

• skin, mucous membrane, food, feed, plant, soil and water.

Morphology:

• coccus, clusters (spherical), bunches of grape

Staining: - Gram +

Question 2

Staphylococcus: - culture

Answer 2

• simple: nutrient agar, nutrient broth
• pigment production: golden yellow, white, carotenoid
• haemolysis: B-hemolysis (in some species double haemolysis), no haemolysis.
• selective culture:

10% NaCl - mannitol - phenol red agar.

Na-tellurite - glycine - pyruvic acid - egg (baird-parker agar)

(10 % NaCl= results in high osmotic pressure, if fermetation –> acids will be produced)

Question 3

Staphylococcus: - Biochemistry

Answer 3

Catalase +, oxidase -, fermentative

Extracellular enzymes (virulence factors):

• coagulase (coagulation, produces fibrinogen), fibrinolysin (liquidifying. Lyse the plasma), hyaluronidase.

Surface protein: Protein A Toxins:

• haemolysins: damage WBC´s
• Leucocidins: damage WBC´s + increase damage of the host
• enterotoxins, dermotoxin (exfoliative toxin), Toxic shoch syndome (TSST)

Question 4

Staphylococcus: - Antigens

Answer 4

• complex (surface proteins, polysaccharides)
• Protein-A: Can bind Immunoglobulins on the FC-end. As a result the bacteria will be surrounded with the IM of the host –> protection

Question 5

Staphylococcus: - Resistance - Pathogenicity

Answer 5

• Good resistance (produces spore)

Pathogenicity:

• local suppuration, abscesses, arthritis, mastitis, metritis, dermatitis, septicaemia.

Question 6

Staphylococcus:

• species, pathogenicity

Answer 6

Question 7

Staphylococcus:

• virulence factors

Answer 7

• extra cellular enxymes
• toxins
• protein A

Question 8

Staphylococcus:

• coagulase positive species

Answer 8

S. aureus susp. aureus:

• biotypes, different hosts.
• cattle, swine, horse, sheep dog, poultry
• MRSA: methicilin resistant S.aureus: human, dog, horse pig

S. Aureus subsp. anaerobius:

• sheep: Morel-disease

S. pseudointermedius:

• dog, cat: dermatitis, otitis externa

S. intermedius:

• dog, horse, birds: mucous membranes
• saprophyte

Question 9

Staphylococcus:

• coagulase negative species

Answer 9

S. epidermis:

• wound infection (horse, dog)

S. haemolyticus

• milkt
  s. hyicus:
• a part of the strains in coagulase positive
• porcine exudative epidermitis

S. gallinarum

• dermatitis

S. equorum

• dermatitis
  s. felis:
• dermatitis

Question 10

Micrococcus:

• Habitat
• morphology
• biochemistry
• pathogenicity

Answer 10

• Habitat: environment, mucous membrane, food, skin
• Morphology: coocus, clusters
• Biochemistry: decomposition of glucose is aerobic or missing
• pathogenicity: saprophyte, to be differentiated from Staphylococci

Question 11

Streptococcus:

• Habitat
• Morphology
• Staining

Answer 11

• Habitat: skin, mucous membrane, food, milk
• Morphology: spherical (coccus), chain, diplococci.
  capsule: only on some species, hyaluronic acid or polysaccharide.
• staining: gram +

Question 12

Streptococcus:

• culture

Answer 12

Fastidious:

• blood agar, serum agar
• some strains need CO2

Selective vulture:

• crystal violet (inhibition of Gram+), thallium-SO4 (inhibition of Gram -), esculin, blood (edwards-agar)

Haemolysis:

• alpha-hemolysis (Hb is not completely decomposed)
• beta-haemolysis
• no haemolysis (gamma-haemolysis)

Question 13

Streptococcus

• Biochemistry:

Answer 13

• catalase -, oxidase -, fermentative
• utilisation of lycosides: esculin, salicin
• extracellular enzymes: fibrinolysin, hyaluronidase, nucleases, proteases
• toxins
• some trains produce bacteriocins (probiotics)

Question 14

Streptococcus:

• Antigens

Answer 14

• complex
• group specific polysaccharide antigens: Lancefield A-V
• other type specific antigens
• S.suis, S.pneumoniae: polysaccharide capsule antigens

Question 15

Streptococcus:

• resistance
• pathogenicity

Answer 15

Resistance: medium

Pathogenicity:

• local suppuration
• metritis, mastitis, arthritis
• septicaemia, strangles
• pneumonitc diseases
• virulence factors: capsule, toxins, haemolysines, extra cellular enzymes, some surface proteins

Question 16

Streptococcus:

• grouping

Answer 16

• haemolysis
• biochemical characteristics
• antigens
• genome structure
• groups: pyogenic streptococci, oral streptococci, anginosus streptococci

Question 17

Streptococcus:

• s. pyogens

Answer 17

• capsule
• some strains produce erythorgen toxin
• bacteriophage envodes, phage conversion

human:

• scarlet fever, purulent infections, rheumatic fever, human erysipelas, glomerulonephritis

Question 18

Streptococcus:

• S.agalactia, S.dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae, S.uberis

Answer 18

Cow, ruminants

mastitis

• S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis: lymphadentitis, abortion (horse)

Question 19

Streptococcus:

• S.equi

Answer 19

• S. equi subsp. equi: horse strangles
• S.equi subsp. zooepidemicus: in several animal species, suppuration, septicaemia, mastitis, abortion

Question 20

Streptococcus:

• S.suis, S. porcinus, S.canis, S.salivarius, S.sanduis, S. mutans, S.pneumoniae

Answer 20

• S. suis: septicaemia, arthirtis, meningitis-encephalitis
• S.porcinus: lymphadenitis, abscesses
• S.canis: metritis, neontal epticaemia
• S.salivarius, S.sanguis, S.mutans (found in mucous membranes): oral streptococci, caries
• S.pneumoniae: calf, foal, human: pneumonia, meningitis.

Question 21

Enterococcus:

• habitat
• morphology
• staining
• culture

Answer 21

• Habitat: gut, normal gut flora
• Morphology: cocci, chains
• Staining: gram +
• culture: like streptococci. 10-45*C, pH 9,6

Question 22

Enterococcus:

• biochemistry
• antigens

Answer 22

• biochem: bacteriocin production
• antigens: Landefield D

Question 23

Enterococcus:

• species, pathogenicity

Answer 23

• E. faecalis
• E. faecium
• E.avium
• E. gallinarum
• mainly sapropphytes
• sometimes arthritis, endocarditis, abscesses.

Question 24

Lactococcus:

Answer 24

• Lancfield N
• fast lactose fermentation (homofermentation)
• gut flora (probiotic)
• dairy products (starter cultures: bulgarian milk, butter)
• L. lactis subsp. lactis
• L. lactis subsp. cremris
• L. plantarum: silage production.

Question 25

Anaeorobic cocci

Answer 25

- habitat: mucous membranes - Saprophytes, sporadically inflammations - Peptococcus: metritis, arthritis, pneumonia - Peptostreptococcus: metritis, arthritis, pneumonia - Peptoniphilus: arthritis, spepticaemia - Ruminococcis: rumen, saprophytes - Sarcina: gut, saprophytes

Question 26

Lactobacillus: - habitat - morphology - staining

Answer 26

Habitat: - mucous membranes, gut, food, plant, feed - component of normal flora (normal microbiota) morphology: long, thin, sometimes curved rods Staining: Gram +

Question 27

Lactobacillus: - culture

Answer 27

- microaerophilic - a little fastidious - optimal temp: 30-40\*C (2-53\*C) - pH: 5.5-6.2 , acidic!

Question 28

Lactobacillus: - Biochemistry - pathogenicity

Answer 28

Biochemistry: - active fermentation - lactate pH 4.0 - silage production, pickling Pathogenicity: - saprophytes - mucous membranes (protective effect, probiotic) - dairy industry

Question 29

Lactobacillus: - species

Answer 29

- L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus: yogurt production - L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis: dairy industri - L. acidophilus: mucous membranes, dairy industry - L. salivarius: gut, probioticum - L. plantarum: silage production, dairy industry

Question 30

Erysipelothric: - sub sp

Answer 30

- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae - E. tonsillarum

Question 31

Erysipelothrix: - habitat - morphology - staining

Answer 31

- Habitat: alimentary tract (swine tonsils), mud, slime of fishes, water - morphology: 1-3 um thin rods (S type), chains, filaments (R type) - Staining: gram +

Question 32

Erysipelothrix: - Culture

Answer 32

- nutrient agar - replication 5-42 @C, pH 6.7-9.2 - blood agar: some strains alpha haemolysis - S-R colonies --\> agar --\> broth: S= uniform turbidity, R= sediment - selective culture: --\> NaN3 + crystal violet --\> neomycin

Question 33

Erysipelothrix: - Biochemistry

Answer 33

- catalase -, oxidase-, fermentative - extra celluler enzymes: --\> Neuraminidase: binding to endothelial cells --\> Hyaluronidase: spreading

Question 34

Erysipelothrix: - antigens - resistance

Answer 34

Antigens: - two common protein antigens: protection - type specific polysaccharide haptens: 1-26: diagnostics resistance: good, halotolerance, soil

Question 35

Erysipelothrix: - pathogenicity

Answer 35

Facultative pathogenic: - swine: erysipelas - sheep: wound infection - birds: septicaemia - humans: wound infection (erysiopeloid)

Question 36

Erysipelothrix: - E. tonsillarum

Answer 36

- no biochemical difference - serotype 7 and furhter 6 serotypes - present on tonsils of swine - endocarditis of dogs

Question 37

Listeria: - habitat - morphology - staining

Answer 37

- Habitat: soil, sewage, plants, silage, gut, food - Morphology: 1-2 um thick rods. Flagella are produced in room temp (22\*C) - Staining: Gram +

Question 38

Listeria: - culture

Answer 38

- simple: nutrient agar, nutrient broth - beta haemolysis - 4-45 \*C - pH 5.5-9.6 - selective: cattle serum - trypaflavin - nalidixic acid - selective enrichment: cold enrichment 4\*C. U-tube method

Question 39

Listeria: - biochemisrty

Answer 39

- catalase +, oxidase -, fermentative - virulence factors: --\> listeriolysin O (haemolysin): intracellular replication --\> monocytosis factor: cell wall, lipoid

Question 40

Listeria: - antigens

Answer 40

- cell wall polysaccharide - flagellar protein - 13 serotypes (composite) --\> most common ones: 1/2 a, 4b

Question 41

Listeria: - resistance - pathogenicity

Answer 41

Resistance: survives in soil for months. Propagation in soil! Pathogenicity: - facultative pathogenic - virulence: haemolysis, lipolysis, monocytosis factor, cell wall lipoids.

Question 42

Listeria: - pathogenicity

Answer 42

- Sheep: mainly encephalitis, abortion, septicaemia. - Cattle: mainly abortion, encephalitis - Rabbit: septicaemia, abortion - Humans: abortion, newborn septicaemia, encephalitis - Birds: septicaemia

Question 43

Listeria: - species

Answer 43

- L. monocytogenes - L. ivanovii --\> stronger haemolysis. serotype 5. - facultative intracellular agents - several saprophytic species.