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Bio 320 (A&P) > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood functions

A

Control chemical composition by regulating pH and electrolytes; supplies cells with oxygen, nutrients, and other molecules, protect the body from foreign organisms, and has the ability to change from a liquid to a gel-like substance to stop bleeding

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2
Q

Blood components

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

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3
Q

Plasma

A

A solution comprised of 90% water and salts, vitamins, proteins, and cellular waste dissolved in plasma
Transports a small amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and some bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate is transported from cells to the lungs where it is converted to carbon dioxide, diffuses into lungs, and is exhaled

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4
Q

Antibodies

A

Immunoglobins
Special proteins responsible for cellular defense

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5
Q

Formed elements

A

Comprised of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

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6
Q

Erythrocytes

A

The most abundant blood cell
Red in color and lack a nucleus
Produced at a rate of 2 million cells per second within the red marrow of the bones and the proximal epiphyses
As erythrocytes mature, they lose their nuclei and mitochondria
Biconcaved discs allow more surface area for rapid gas exchange between blood and other tissues in the body
Major function is to transport blood gases
Each erythrocyte contains millions of hemoglobin molecules
Short life span (100-120 days)
Destroyed in liver and spleen

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7
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A complex protein molecule and has a structure that contains four iron atoms
Reversibly binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules
Potentially, each red blood cell can transport more than a billion oxygen molecules

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8
Q

Leukocytes

A

Produced in bone marrow, have nuclei (2+ lobed), and lack hemoglobin
Pass between endothelial cells of capillaries by process called diapedesis and enter interstitial spaces
Many are phagocytes that engulf foreign bodies and other unwanted substances in body and destroy them
Part of immune system
Either granular or agranular

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9
Q

Granules

A

Vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes, antimicrobial proteins, or immune mediators such as histamine

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10
Q

Granulocytes

A

Contain abundant granules in cytoplasm
Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Different types of granulocytes contain different enzymes or mediators, and trigger different immune responses

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11
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Contain few granules in cytoplasm
Include monocytes and lymphocytes

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12
Q

Thrombrocytes

A

Small cellular pieces produced from the breakdown of megakaryocytes and lack a nucleus
Survive short period of time and are involved in blood clotting

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13
Q

Hemophilia

A

Condition caused by genetic mutation for a lower level of clotting factors, which results in prolonged bleeding at sites of injury

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14
Q

Clotting factors

A

Helps to stop bleeding by coagulating blood at site of an injury
Normally when injury occurs and blood begins to leak from the vessels, platelets adhere to the site of the damage to plug the leak as the first step of the repair process
Vitamin K is necessary for synthesizing four of the clotting factors
Several clotting factors are associated with the activation of thrombin

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15
Q

Thrombin

A

Activated by clotting factors
Thrombin catalyzes the transformation of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
Fibrin glues platelets together and forms a web-like mesh that traps blood cells to form a clot

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16
Q

Neutrophil

A

Granulocyte
Light, lavender colored cytoplasmic granules
Multilobed nucleus can be easily seen

Release hormones called cytokines that attract other phagocytes to the site of injury

Commonly treats bacterial infections

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17
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocyte
Orange-red cytoplasmic granules; bluish-colored, bi-lobed nucleus

Fight multicellular parasitic infections, such as worms

Commonly treats parasitic infections and allergic reactions

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18
Q

Basophils

A

Granulocytes
Very rare; dark blue cytoplasmic granules; nucleus not always visible; bi-lobed

Migrate to injured tissue and release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant)

Commonly treats tissue injuries and allergic reactions

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19
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Agranulocyte
Large blue-purple nucleus and surrounded by a pale blue cytoplasm

Main cells that populate lymph nodes, glands, and other lymphatic tissue

Responsible for specific immune response to infection
Mature into T cells and B cells

Commonly treats bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer

20
Q

Monocytes

A

Agranulocyte
Twice the size of erythrocytes; blue-purple nucleus has an indentation (horseshoe appearance)

When monocytes migrate out of the bloodstream, they become large, phagocytic cells called macrophages, which have little function in circulating blood

Commonly treats bacterial or viral infections

21
Q

Chronic granulocytic/lymphocytic leukemia

A

Overproduction of white blood cells in the bone marrow
May experience fatigue and abdominal pain
Treated with medication and techniques

https://search.brave.com/images?q=chronic+granulyotic+leukemia+microscope&source=web

22
Q

Trypanosomes

A

Group of protozoan parasites of the blood that cause two major diseases in people, African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease
Trypanosomes adapt to resist antiparasitic medications and evade the effects of specific medications when changing from one life cycle stage to another
Leads to increased amount of eosinophils

https://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/biology111/protists/trypanosoma.jpg

23
Q

African Sleeping Disease

A

Caused by Trypanosomes
Most commonly spread among humans via the bite of the teste fly

24
Q

Chagas Disease

A

Caused by Trypanosomes
Most commonly transmitted by blood-sucking insect known as a “kissing bug”

25
Malaria
Caused by plasmodial parasite and is spread from host via the Anopheles mosquito in subtropical and tropical regions Parasite travels to liver, matures, and then invades red blood cells throughout the body Plasmodium infects erythrocytes and reproduces within them until the RBC bursts, releasing the parasites into the bloodstream to infect other red blood cells Individuals infected often exhibit fever, chills, flu-like symptoms, and anemia every 48-72 hours as the plasmodium kills RBCs Often treated with chloroquine and hospitalization https://cdn.geekwire.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/171102-autoscope.png
26
Iron deficiency anemia
Most common form of anemia Caused by a lack of iron, which is necessary to produce hemoglobin Results in lower RBC count Women are more likely to be affected Caused by blood loss, poor iron absorption, or a diet poor in iron Symptoms include brittle nails, fatigue, headache, pale skin color, and shortness of breath Treatment includes iron supplements and Vitamin C https://imagebank.hematology.org/getimagebyid/60223?size=2
27
Sickle-cell anemia
A genetic disease that causes body to produce abnormal erythrocytes Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to occasionally take on crescent shape Abnormally shaped blood cells block small blood passages resulting in blood flow being blocked Can lead to injury and death of tissue RBCs affected live shorter period of 10-20 days resulting in lower RBC count Affected individuals often feel pain from blocked blood vessels as well as fatigue No cure but blood test can determine inheritance of disease https://www.microscopyu.com/assets/gallery-images/pathology_sicklecellanemia40x02.jpg
28
Mononucleosis
Mononucleosis is a viral infection and is spread via saliva or close contact Most people infected are between ages 15 and 24 Lymphocytes often appear atypical during infection and specific antibodies increase in number Symptoms include drowsiness, fever, loss of appetite, swollen lymph nodes, and swollen spleen Treated with non-steroidal inflammatory drugs, but virus remains dormant in individuals body for life https://wfuogb.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Screen-Shot-2018-11-08-at-12.42.39-PM.png
29
Polycythemia
Characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells Increased blood volume increases risk of stroke or heart attack Affects people around age of 60 Often result of genetic mutation that changes how erythrocytes are produced in bone marrow Symptoms include fatigue, itching, and joint pain Treatment includes prescription of aspirin or other blood thinners, and phlebotomy to remove excess blood https://digitalassets.avantorsciences.com/adaptivemedia/rendition?id=9ee29d8f483e73b732c4e2e2d29793d72679bbba&vid=0a20f93cd737cf8e52cc9a33dae30cb5c4c82818&prid=bigweb&clid=SAPDAM
30
Blood typing: Gender
Difference between male and female blood can be found on the leukocytes Leukocytes in blood of female human possess a Barr body, whereas male blood lacks a Barr body
31
Barr body
Resembles a small drumstick attached to nucleus of the cell and represents a condensed sex chromosome Leukocytes in female blood possess this, but male blood does not
32
Layers of veins and arteries
Tunica externa: Outermost layer of veins and arteries; Largely made of collagen Tunica media: Intermediate layer of veins and arteries; Significant smooth muscle component Tunica intima: Deepest layer of veins and arteries; Made of endothelial (epithelial) cells that line the lumen
33
Veins vs arteries
Artery constriction or dilation is relied on to alter the partitioning of blood flow, resulting in arteries having a thicker tunica media compared to veins Overall, arteries must be thicker than veins because blood pressure is higher in arteries than veins Veins have a larger lumen diameter to tunica thickness Veins are under low pressure, so vein lumen is often partially collapsed
34
Aorta
Largest artery of the body Has own blood supply exemplified by the vasa vasorum (a blood vessel for the aorta) Needs collagen fibers for strength/reinforcement Needs elastin fibers for its expansion and recoil after systole
35
Atherosclerosis
Complex multistage disease Low density lipoproteins that transport cholesterol can build up in lumen of blood vessels Buildup induces immune response that culminates in the proliferation of fibrosis at the tunica media/tunica intima border which will partially occlude the lumen Occlusions increase risk of thrombosis (blood clot)
36
Interventricular septum
Keeps pulmonary and systemic circuits separate Provides an avenue for conducting system fibers to move through heart via bundle of His
37
Purkinje fibers within the heart
Noncontractile purkinje fibers are surrounded by contractile cardiac cells Cells carry heart muscle potential from atrioventricular bundle down through interventricular septum before spread throughout walls of heart
38
Circulation of blood: Structures
Venous blood: deoxygenated; from body to heart Superior and inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary trunk/arteries Lungs: Oxygenates blood Pulmonary veins Left atrium Bicuspid (mitral valve Left ventricle Aortic semilunar valve Aorta: Distribute arterial blood to body Unlabelled: https://as1.ftcdn.net/jpg/01/63/50/36/1000_F_163503606_d1CJS6EL5EprTLJ0autrSDcP0wxNVWRz.jpg Labelled: https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e48489da899cd09424943db/1615047158525-NRGD0O5YCN2CN2AP473Z/austin+kosier+heart+blood+flow+diagram+cardiac+circulation+pathway+steps
39
Human heart
Anterior unlabelled: https://o.quizlet.com/UntpVmaDUCLpuIFYw6Zetg_b.jpg Anterior labelled: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295706446/figure/fig1/AS:669513959870479@1536635975999/Heart-anatomy-from-the-anterior-view-left-and-interior-view-right-Images-from.png Anterior open unlabelled: https://i.pinimg.com/736x/18/db/52/18db5246f8e0e63cf32a0db8e3b39523.jpg Anterior open labelled: https://media.gettyimages.com/id/188057943/vector/anatomy-of-heart-interior-frontal-section.jpg?s=170667a&w=gi&k=20&c=SG_mXEQVsIj9pmILzjiI__ae_y6iPFpaKSIxFbNkMvk=
40
Trabeculae carneae
Ridges Found on inner surface of heart ventricles
41
Chordae tendinae
Fibrous chords that attach the papillary muscles to the bicuspid and tricuspid valves
42
Papillary muscles
Hold chords of chordae tendinae Muscular structures found in ventricles of heart Pillar-like
43
Pectinate muscles
Muscular ridges found in hearts atria
44
Feline veins
Superior and inferior vena cava: Right side of cat Superior vena cava turns in brachiocephalic vein which branches into external jugular vein, internal jugular vein, and subclavian vein Subclavian vein turns into axillary vein which turns into brachial vein which turns into deep brachial vein
45
Feline arteries
Aortic arch splits in brachiocephalic artery and left subclavian artery Brachiocephalic artery branches into common carotid artery (left and right) and right subclavian artery Right subclavian artery branches into subscapular artery and becomes brachial artery which becomes deep brachial artery
46
Human aortic arch
3 branches in humans 1) Brachiocephalic 2) Left common carotid artery 3) Left subclavian artery
47
Runs through neck on both sides in felines
Vagus Nerve X Common carotid arteries Internal jugular vein

Bio 320 (A&P) (15 decks)

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