Lab 5 (Chapter 17) Flashcards by Morgan Evans

Describe the location and appearance of the pancreas

A long skinny gland between the kidneys that’s almost entirely orange on the model

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Describe the location and appearance of the thyroid gland

A tall, skinny gland in the neck

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Describe the location and appearance of the parathyroid

Four small, tiny purple dots (on the model) on the back of the thyroid gland in the neck

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Describe the location and appearance of the adrenal gland

On top of the kidneys

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Describe the location and appearance of the pituitary gland (also list anterior and posterior colors)

The anterior pituitary gland is green on the model, the posterior pituitary is yellow. Shaped like a sack and located inferior to the hypothalamus in the brain.

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Describe appearance of the testis on the model

Oval-shaped

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Describe the location and appearance of the ovaries

A bump-shape superior and lateral to the uterus

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What are the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary? (use the acronym)

1) Tropic: FLAT:
-FSH
-LH
-ACTH
-TSH
2) Non-tropic: PiG:
-PRL
-GH

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What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

1) Oxytocin (OT)
2) ADH

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What two things are released by the thyroid gland? State what cells of the gland they’re released by.

1) Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) are released by follicle cells
2) Calcitonin is released by parafollicular cells

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What is produced by the parathyroid?

PTH

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What 3 things are made by the adrenal cortex?

1) Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
2) Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
3) Androgens (sex steroids/ gonadocorticoids)

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What two things are produced by the adrenal medulla?

1) Epinephrine
2) Norepinephrine

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Is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine? If both, give percentages.

Both endocrine and exocrine; 1% endocrine and 99% exocrine

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What is the neuroendocrine gland?

Hypothalamus

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What two things are made by the pancreas?

1) Glucagon
2) Insulin

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What is the endocrine/ hormone-producing part of the pancreas called?

The islets of Langerhans

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What is secreted by the ovaries, and what is secreted by the testes?

1) Ovaries: estrogens and progesterone
2) Testes: secrete primarily testosterone

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What does the thymus gland do?

Secretes a number of hormones (thymosin, thymopoietin, thymic factor) that are involved in the maturation of T-lymphocyte cells

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What is secreted by the pineal gland?

Melatonin

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What is the main mineralocorticoid and what is the main glucocorticoid? Where are they produced?

1) Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid
2) Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid
3) They’re produced by the adrenal cortex

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The nerves are generally located in the _________ pituitary, whereas the veins are typically located in the ________ pituitary.

posterior; anterior

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What structure in a neuron’s soma produces the hormones?

Nissl bodies (rough ER of the nervous system)

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Where are hormones stored after being produced in the cell body?

Study These Flashcards

In the axon terminals

What stimulates the release of hormones kept in the axon terminal of a neuron?

Action potential

Where are the somas of the neurons located in the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract?

Hypothalamus

What part of the neuron is found in the connection (infundibulum) between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

Axon

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland called?

The hypothalamo-hypophysial tract

Once a hormone is released from the pituitary gland, where does it go?

It gets picked up by the blood capillaries to enter the blood stream

Define a portal system

When blood flows from one capillary bed to a second capillary bed through a vein

Where is the first set of capillaries (primary capillaries) in the hypophysial portal system located?

In hypothalamus

Where is the second set of capillaries in the hypophysial portal system located?

In anterior pituitary

Give an example of a portal system besides the hypophysial portal system

Hepatic portal system

What is the target gland of ACTH, and what 3 hormones are then released by that gland?

1) Adrenal cortex 2) Aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens

What is the target gland of TSH, and what hormone is then released by that gland?

1) Thyroid 2) T3 and T4 (thyroid hormone)

What is the target gland of FSH and LH, and what 3 hormones are then released by that gland?

1) Ovaries/testes 2) Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

Describe diabetes insipidus (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)

1) Hypothalamus is involved 2) ADH hyposecretion 3) Excessive thirst and urination, dehydration, high blood sodium and osmolarity, high output, and low specific gravity

Describe acromegaly (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)

1) Anterior pituitary is involved 2) GH hypersecretion 3) Abnormal growth of hands, feet, face, and fingers/ toes; rectangular face and lower jaw.

What is acromegaly called in kids and how does it differ from in adults?

1) Gigantism 2) It causes kids to grow taller, not just certain body parts

Describe diabetes mellitus (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)

1) Pancreas involved 2) Insulin hyposecretion 3) Ulcers and poor wound healing, polyurea, polydipsia, polyphagia. High blood glucose; glucose and ketones present in urine

Describe Addison's disease (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)

1) Adrenal cortex is involved 2) Aldosterone and cortisol hyposecretion 3) High potassium in blood; low potassium and high sodium in urine. Abnormal melanation, low BP and high pulse

Describe Grave's disease (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)

1) Thyroid gland 2) Hypersecretion of TH 3) Eye produsion (exophthalmos), goiter, irritability, high body temp, weight loss

What would happen if your parathyroid glands suddenly disappeared?

You'd no longer secrete PTH, which increases levels of calcium in the blood, so you'd experience tetany and respiratory paralysis

What symptom of diabetes mellitus is NOT a symptom of diabetes insipidus?

Polyphagia

What does aldosterone do?

Increase reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium

What does cortisol do?

Increases blood glucose

What hormone triggers the release of cortisol?

ACTH

What is abnormal in a blood sample of someone with diabetes insipidus? What about the blood sample of someone with diabetes mellitus?

Diabetes insipidus blood: High sodium, high osmolarity Diabetes mellitus blood: High glucose

What is abnormal in a urine sample of someone with diabetes insipidus? What about the urine sample of someone with diabetes mellitus?

Diabetes insipidus urine: Low specific gravity Diabetes mellitus urine: Ketones and glucose are present

If a patient had hypersecretion from the adrenal cortex, what type of symptoms might you expect? What is the name of this disorder?

1) Symptoms: high sodium, low potassium, high BP, high glucose 2) Cushing's disease (the exact opposite of Addison's disease)

What is the most common type of diabetes mellitus?

Type II

Describe ADH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

1) Produced by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary 2) High blood osmolarity and sodium. Blood is concentrated; dehydration, low BP. 3) Stimulates reabsorption of water in the kidneys

Describe TH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its action?)

1) Thyroid 2) Release stimulated by the hormone TSH 3) Increases body's metabolic rate

Describe PTH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

1) Parathyroid gland 2) Released due to low blood calcium 3) Raises blood calcium by stimulated bone resorption, reducing calcium excretion, and enhancing calcitriol synthesis

Describe insulin (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

1) Pancreas 2) Released due to high blood glucose 3) Lowers blood glucose; promotes glycogenesis and lipogenesis

Describe GH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

1) Anterior pituitary 2) It's released in high amounts in childhood and adolescence for growth; in adults it helps direct target organs to use consumed nutrients 3) Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation (promoting tissue growth especially in bone, cartilage, and muscles in children)

Describe aldosterone (the main mineralocorticoid) (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

1) Adrenal cortex 2) Released due to low blood sodium or high blood potassium; low blood pressure 3) Promotes sodium and water reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys

Describe cortisol (main glucocorticoid) (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

1) Adrenal cortex 2) Release stimulated by the hormone ACTH 3) Increases blood glucose, simulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, and tissue repair

What will happen every time a water-soluble protein hits a receptor?

The G protein inside the cell below the receptor uses GTP (energy) to carry out/ set off the internal processes

Lab 5 (Chapter 17) Flashcards

(59 cards)