Lab 6 (Chapter 22) Flashcards by Morgan Evans

Differentiate between the nasal conchae and nasal meatuses

The conchae are the bumps, the meatuses are the ridges

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Where is the nasopharynx?

Posterior to the soft palate

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Where is the opening of the auditory tube?

Above the nasopharynx

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Where is the oropharynx?

Inferior and posterior to the palatine tonsil

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Where is the laryngopharynx?

Inferior to the epiglottis

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Describe the appearance and location of the epiglottis

A structure that sticks out below the palatine tonsil

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Describe the locations of the vestibular fold and vocal fold

1) Vestibular fold is the upper fold
2) Vocal fold is the lower fold
-Both are inferior to the epiglottis

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Where is the esophagus?

Posterior to the trachea

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Where is the thyroid cartilage of the larynx found?

It’s the superior cartilage on the front of the throat

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Where is the cricoid cartilage of the larynx?

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

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What is the glottis? Where is it?

Defined as the vestibular and vocal folds, and the space between them. In the larynx

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What is the hilum of the lungs?

Where the blood vessels enter the lung tissue

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The pulmonary arteriole and bronchial artery are what color?

Blue

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The pulmonary venule and bronchial vein are what color?

Red

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Name the 2 tonsils of the nasopharynx and the 2 tonsils of the oropharynx

1) Nasopharynx: Tubal tonsils and pharyngeal tonsil
2) Oropharynx: Palatine and lingual tonsils

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What is the most superior cartilage of the larynx? What is it made of and what does it do?

1) Epiglottis
2) It’s made of elastic cartilage and functions to fold over during swallowing, preventing food and drink from entering the larynx.

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The __________ cartilage is the largest cartilage covering most of the anterior and lateral edges of the larynx. The “Adam’s apple” is a part of this cartilage.

thyroid

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The _________ cartilage is the most inferior cartilage of the larynx that forms a ring just superior to the start of the trachea

cricoid

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The mucous membrane of the larynx forms 2 folds; what are these 2 folds?

Vestibular fold and vocal fold

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Name the lobes of the right and left lungs

1) Right lung: Superior, middle, and inferior lobes
2) Left lung: Superior and inferior lobes

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The function of serous/ pleural fluid is to what?

Reduce friction and make the two membranes stick to each other

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What side of the lungs will an aspirated object more likely enter; the left or right? Explain why

The right side, ,because the right bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the left bronchus

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How many secondary bronchi are there on the right side? How many are there on the left?

1) Right: 3 secondary bronchi
2) Left: 2 secondary bronchi

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Define pulmonary ventilation

The rhythmic movement of air into and out of the lungs (aka breathing)

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Define alveolar gas exchange

The gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood

Define transport of respiratory gases

Transport between the lungs and tissue cells of the body

Define systemic gas exchange

The gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells of the body

As volume of the lungs decreases, what happens to pressure?

It increases

Define tidal volume (TV); what's its typical number?

The volume of one breath inhaled (or exhaled). Approximately 500ml/ breath

Define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (3000ml)

Define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (1200ml)

Define residual volume (RV)

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (1300ml)

Define vital capacity

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration (4700ml); decreases with age

List the order of the bronchi from biggest to smallest

1) Primary bronchi 2) Lobar (secondary) bronchi 3) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi

What is the most inferior region of the pharynx?

Laryngeal pharynx

List the regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior (3)

1) Nasopharynx 2) Oropharynx 3) Laryngeal pharynx (laryngopharynx)

List the functions of the nasal cavity (2)

1) Olfaction 2) Filters, warms, and moistens incoming air

How many pieces of cartilage make up the larynx? Name the 3 biggest pieces

1) 9 pieces make up the larynx 2) Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage

Would you have difficulty breathing if a large piece of food got lodged six inches down the esophagus?

Would you have difficulty breathing if a piece of food was stuck 3 inches down the esophagus?

Yes

The outer surface of each lung is lined with a serous membrane called the __________ ______

visceral pleura

The thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphragm is lined with a membrane called the ______ ________

parietal pleura

List the components of the conducting zone

1) Bronchioles 2) Terminal bronchioles

List the components of the respiratory zone

1) Respiratory bronchioles 2) Alveolar ducts 3) Alveolus

Define the respiratory zone

The zone of gas exchange

Define the conducting zone

The tubing that gets you to the gas exchange zone

How many branches does the bronchial tree have?

About 25

What are the 4 basic functions of the respiratory system?

1) Pulmonary ventilation 2) Alveolar gas exchange 3) Transport of respiratory gases 4) Systemic gas exchange

Name the two functions of the respiratory system that the cardiac system is involved with completing

1) Transport of respiratory gases 2) Systemic gas exchange

What two functions of the respiratory system are carried out solely by the respiratory system?

1) Pulmonary ventilation 2) Alveolar gas exchange

Define inhalation. What happens to volume and pressure during it?

-Defined as an active process requiring muscle contraction (and ATP) -Volume increases and pressure decreases (below ATM)

Define exhalation. What happens to volume and pressure during exhalation?

-Defined as a passive process, requiring only the relaxation of the muscles -Volume decreases, pressure increases (higher than ATM)

75% of air in quiet breathing is by contraction of what?

The diaphragm, which flattens from a dome shape

Name the prime mover and synergist in inhalation

1) Diaphragm (prime mover) 2) External intercostals (synergist)

What muscles are involved in exhalation, and what do they do?

The diaphragm and external intercostals relax

For air to go in the lungs, intrapulmonary pressure must be ________ than atmospheric pressure; therefore we must __________ the volume of the lungs

less than; increase

What 3 things happen during exhalation?

1) Diaphragm and intercostals relax 2) Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs 3) Inward pull of the alveolar fluid caused by surface tension

What muscles are used in forced exhalation? (2)

1) Internal intercostals 2) Rectus abdominis

Explain what happens when you have too much CO2

Too much CO2 drives the reaction to the right, which increases the amount of H+ molecules, which leads to pH dropping, which leads to acidic respiratory acidosis

Explain what happens when you have too little CO2

Too little CO2 drives the reaction to the left, which decreases the amount of H+ molecules, which leads to pH rising, which leads to alkaline (basic) alkalosis

What happens to lung volume, pressure, and air flow during inspiration?

1) Volume increases 2) Pressure decreases 3) Air flows into lungs

What happens to lung volume, pressure, and air flow during expiration?

1) Volume decreases 2) Pressure increases 3) Air flows out of lungs

What 3 factors make up vital capacity?

1) Inspiratory reserve volume (deep inhalation) 2) Tidal volume (normal breath) 3) Expiratory reserve volume (deep exhalation)

What 4 factors make up total lung capacity?

1) Inspiratory reserve volume (deep inhalation) 2) Tidal volume (normal breath) 3) Expiratory reserve volume (deep exhalation) 4) Residual volume (dead space)