Lab 5 Structures

Question 1

insula

Answer 1

role in consciousness, emotion, body homeostasis, sense of “self”

Question 2

putamen

Answer 2

• part of basal ganglia
• role to regulate movement
• influence learning

Question 3

globus pallidus

Answer 3

• part of basal ganglia
• role in regulation of movement via inhibiting thalamic outflow to cortex

Question 4

internal capsule

posterior limb, genu, anterior limb

Answer 4

* posterior limb → primary ascending/descending tracts
* genu → corticobulbar tracts
* anterior limb → frontopontine/thalamocortical fibers

Question 5

thalamus

Answer 5

• multifunctional
• relays sensory/motor information
• sensory processing
• regulation of sleep/wakefulness, consciousness, mood

Question 6

columns of fornix

Answer 6

fornix connects mammillary bodies to hippocampus

Question 7

caudate

Answer 7

• part of basal ganglia
• role in motor regulation/function
• learning
• reward system

Question 8

lateral ventricles

Answer 8

Question 9

third ventricle

Answer 9

Question 10

corpus callosum

genu, splenium

Answer 10

large white matter structure that shares information between hemispheres

Question 11

optic radiations

Answer 11

white matter pathway relaying visual information from lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 12

hippocampus

Answer 12

role in memory/learning

Question 13

lateral ventricle

body, inferior horn

Answer 13

“C-shaped” ventricles that underlie each cerebral hemisphere

Question 14

corpus callosum

Answer 14

large white matter structure that shares information between hemispheres

Question 15

body of fornix

Answer 15

connects mammillary bodies to hippocampus

Question 16

body of caudate

Answer 16

• part of basal ganglia
• role in motor regulation/function
• learning
• reward system

Question 17

posterior limb of internal capsule

Answer 17

primary ascending/descending tracts

Question 18

putamen

Answer 18

• part of basal ganglia
• role to regulate movement
• influence learning

Question 19

globus pallidus

Answer 19

• part of basal ganglia
• role in regulation of movement via inhibiting thalamic outflow to cortex

Question 20

corona radiata

Answer 20

• white matter tracts connecting with anterior cingulate cortex and inferior frontal-orbital gyrus
• in charge of voluntary emotional expression/cognition processing

Question 21

insula

Answer 21

• deep to lateral sulcus/transverse gyri of Heschl
• role in consciousness, emotion, body homeostasis, sense of “self”

Question 22

thalamus

Answer 22

• multifunctional
• relays sensory/motor information
• sensory processing
• regulation of sleep and wakefulness
• consciousness
• mood

Question 23

third ventricle

Answer 23

midline, central ventricle between right and left thalamus

Question 24

cerebral peduncles

Answer 24

anterior part of midbrain that connects brainstem to thalamus

Question 25

substantia nigra

Answer 25

* contains dopamine releasing neurons * regulates basal ganglia (putamen)

Question 26

subthalamic nucleus

Answer 26

* role in stimulating portion of globus pallidus * can lead to hemiballistic movements if lesioned

Question 27

red nucleus

Answer 27

* located in ventral midbrain * involved in coordination of sensorimotor information

Question 28

basilar pons

Answer 28

ventral aspect of pons

Question 29

interpeduncular fossa

Answer 29

space between 2 cerebral peduncles

Question 30

hippocampus

Answer 30

role in memory and learning

Question 31

what are the 3 major functional roles of the cerebellum?

Answer 31

* coordination of movement (timing/pattern of muscle activation during movement) * maintenance of equilibrium (inputs from vestibular system) * reguation of muscle tone (oversees spinal cord/brainstem postural control structures)

Question 32

what type of matter makes up the cortex?

Answer 32

gray matter (periphery)

Question 33

what type of matter makes up the medullary center?

Answer 33

white matter (nerve fibers to cortex, from cortex to deep nuclei, from one cortical area to another)

Question 34

what are the 4 pairs of deep nuclei?

Answer 34

1. fastigial nucleus 2. globose nucleus 3. emboliform nucleus 4. dentate nucleus | 2 and 3 together are referred to as interposed nucleus

Question 35

what are peduncles? where are the superior cerebellar peduncle, middle CP, and inferior CP located?

Answer 35

afferent/efferent white matter pathways (nerve fibers) to/from various brainstem regions * superior cerebellar peduncle → midbrain * middle cerebellar peduncle → pons * inferior cerebellar peduncle → medulla

Question 36

what are the 3 cerebellar lobes?

Answer 36

* anterior lobe * posterior lobe * flocculonodular lobe

Question 37

anterior lobe

Answer 37

smaller lobe (superior)

Question 38

posterior lobe

Answer 38

larger lobe (sup/post/inf)

Question 39

flocculonodular lobe

Answer 39

consists of 2 structures * left/right flocculus and nodulus (midline) of cerebellum

Question 40

primary fissure

Answer 40

separates anterior lobe from posterior lobe

Question 41

vermis (vermal region)

Answer 41

* postural control * coordination during activity * proximal limb/trunk control | only 1 vermal region

Question 42

paravermis (paravermal region)

Answer 42

* postural control * coordination during activity * distal limb control | 2 paravermal regions

Question 43

lateral cerebellar hemispheres

Answer 43

* refining voluntary movement * motor planning * limbs | 2 hemispheres

Question 44

flocculus

Answer 44

* part of floccularnodular lobe * balance adjustments * eye movements in response to vestibular inputs | there are 2

Question 45

nodulus

Answer 45

* part of floccularnodular lobe * balance adjustments * eye movements in response to vestibular inputs | there is 1

Question 46

tonsil

Answer 46

can herniate through foramen magnum with increased intracranial pressure | there are 2

Question 47

superior cerebellar peduncle

Answer 47

* primary outgoing info * to midbrain and onto cortex | there are 2

Question 48

middle cerebellar peduncle

Answer 48

* primary incoming info * info from cortex to pons to lateral cerebellar hemispheres | there are 2

Question 49

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Answer 49

* primarily incoming info from spinal cord * from spinal cord to vermal/paravermal cerebellum | there are 2

Question 50

what are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum?

Answer 50

* vestibulocerebellum * spinocerebellum * cerebrocerebellum

Question 51

what anatomical division is related to the vestibulocerebellum?

Answer 51

flocculonodular lobe

Question 52

what is the deep nuclei associated to vestibulocerebellum?

Answer 52

vestibular nuclei

Question 53

where does vestibulocerebellum project via/to?

Answer 53

* medial ascending (brainstem) * medial/lateral vestibular descending

Question 54

role/function of vestibulocerebellum

Answer 54

* balance adjustments * eye movements in response to vestibular inputs

Question 55

what anatomical division is related to the spinocerebellum?

Answer 55

vermis/paravermal areas

Question 56

what is the deep nuclei associated to spinocerebellum?

Answer 56

* fastigial → vermal * interposed (globose/emboliform) → paravermal

Question 57

where does spinocerebellum project via/to?

Answer 57

* medial descending * lateral descending

Question 58

role/function of spinocerebellum

Answer 58

* postural control * coordination during execution of motor act

Question 59

what anatomical division is related to the cerebrocerebellum?

Answer 59

cerebellar hemispheres

Question 60

what is the deep nuclei associated to cerebrocerebellum?

Answer 60

dentate

Question 61

where does cerebrocerebellum project via/to?

Answer 61

motor/premotor cortices

Question 62

role/function of cerebrocerebellum

Answer 62

* refining voluntary movement * motor planning