Lab 6: Circulation

Question 1

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 1

The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it gets oxygenated before it flows to the left atrium.

Question 2

Systemic Circulation

Answer 2

The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body and returns the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Question 3

Path of blood away from heart

Answer 3

Heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries (site of gas and fluid exchange between blood and cells) → venules → veins → heart.

Question 4

Location and function of coronary circulation

Answer 4

Coronary veins and arteries transport blood to and from cardiac muscle tissue.

Question 5

What is the relationship between blocked coronary arteries and a heart attack?

Answer 5

If coronary arteries are blocked, blood flow decreases or stops, leading to damage or death of cardiac muscle.

Question 6

Two treatments for blocked coronary arteries

Answer 6

Angioplasty
* expands narrowing artery by inserting a mesh tube.
Coronary bypass surgery
* Forms a new route for blood to travel by creating a detour around the blocked artery.

Question 7

Which chambers have the thickest walls: atria or ventricles?

Answer 7

Ventricles, they pump blood to lungs and rest of the body. Atria pump blood to ventricles.

Question 8

Which ventricle is more muscular?

Answer 8

Left ventricle, it pumps blood to the whole body. Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs.

Question 9

Name and locate the cardiac valves, describe function

Answer 9

Left (bicuspid) and right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve. Pulmonary and aortic valves. Prevent backflow of blood from one area to another.

Question 10

Identify, name, and describe functions of prominent blood vessels

see GD

Answer 10

Carotid arteries: supply oxygenated blood to neck and head region.
Jugular veins: carry deoxygenated blood away from neck and head region.
Subclavian arteries and veins: transport blood to and from arms.
Renal arteries and veins: transport blood to and from the kidneys.
Superior and inferior vena cava: drain deoxygenated blood from head and body regions.
Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from heart to rest of body.
Pulmonary arteries and veins: transport blood to and from lungs.

Question 11

Structure of arteries and veins

see GD

Answer 11

• Endothelium
• Smooth muscle
• Connective tissue

Question 12

How is blood moved in the systemic circuit?

Answer 12

• Blood in arteries is moved by force of left ventricle contracting.
• Elastic fibers in connective tissue layer of artery wall passively stretch and recoil to propel blood forward.

Question 13

How is blood volume controlled in systemic circuit?

Answer 13

Volume of blood supplied to diff. regions of body is regulated by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in artery walls:
* Smooth muscle relax/increase diameter of artery/increase blood supply.
* Smooth muscle contract/decrease diameter/decrease blood supply.

Question 14

Two ways that blood move in veins

Answer 14

• By skeletal muscle contract to move blood forward.
• Valved keep blood from moving backwards.

Question 15

Blood components, blood cell function

Answer 15

Plasma: liquid matrix in which blood cells are suspended.
Cells:
* erythrocytes (red blood cells), carry oxygen from lungs and deliver throughout body.
* leukocytes (white blood cells), help body fight against pathogens.

Question 16

Between erythrocytes and leukocytes: which one is more numerous and larger, which one contains nuclei?

see GD

Answer 16

RBCs are more numerous. WBCs are larger and have nuclei.

Question 17

What are antigens and antibodies and their functions?

Answer 17

Antigens are molecules present on the surface of erythrocytes that can trigger immune response. The immune system produces antibodies, proteins that bind to foreign antigens in order to remove them from the body. Antibodies defend body against foreign substances ie. viruses, bacteria, and unrecognizable cells.

Question 18

Blood type (ABO and Rh factor)

blood diamond, draw chart

Answer 18

Draw

Question 19

How is blood type determine?

Answer 19

By exposing blood sample to anti-serum, a solution containing specific antibodies. Agglutination will occur if these antibodies react with antigens present in erythrocytes (ex. a person’s blood agglutinates with anti-A sera means they have type A blood).

Question 20

What is the resting heartrate?

Answer 20

60-100 beats/min.

Question 21

What is blood pressure?

Answer 21

Force exerted by blood on walls of arteries.

Question 22

Hypertension, what causes it, what happens to the heart?

Answer 22

Caused by reduced artery flexibility or partial blockage of blood vessels. Heart pumps harder = heart muscle weakens. Increases risk of stroke and heart attack

Question 23

Systolic and Diastolic Pressure

Answer 23

Systolic: blood pressure when heart is contracting.
Diastolic: pressure when heart is relaxed.

Question 24

What does a pulse oximeter measure?

Answer 24

Uses beams of red and infrared light to evaluate oxygen saturation, the percentage of hemoglobin in arteries that are currently carrying O2.

Question 25

Oxygen saturation levels

Answer 25

Healthy: 95%+ Health problems: <95%

Question 26

Lymphatic System Components

Answer 26

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs, lymphatic tissue and lymph: * Lymph nodes are found at junction of some lymphatic vessels.

Question 27

Blood capillaries vs lymphatic capillaries

Answer 27

Lymphatic capillaries: closed on one end (unlike blood vessels). At other end, they merge to form larger lymphatic vessels.

Question 28

Transport of blood vs lymph

Answer 28

Like venous blood, lymph is transported through lymphatic vessels by skeletal-muscle contraction and one-way valves.

Question 29

Difference between plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph

Answer 29

Fluid in blood is **plasma**. Small gaps between cells that line blood capillaries allow plasma (but not protein or erythrocytes) to seep out. Once the fluid is out, it is called **interstitial fluid**. Most return to capillaries, remainder enters lymphatic capillaries and flows through lymphatic vessels. This fluid is **lymph**. Lymph is returned to heart by entering left and right subclavian veins.

Question 30

Area in the blood that have clusters of lymph nodes

Answer 30

Neck underarms

Question 31

Differences between blood capillaries and lymph capillaries

Answer 31

Lymph capillaries are larger in diameter than blood capillaries

Question 32

Functions of Lymphatic System

Answer 32

1. Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to blood. Ensures blood volume homeostasis. Excess interstitial fluid causes swelling in tissue (*edema*). 2. Along with **bone marrow**, **lymph nodes**, **spleen**, it is a major part of immune system. 3. Transport dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins from digestive tract to blood. ## Footnote For #2 see bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.

Question 33

Bone marrow

Answer 33

Tissue found in hollow interior of bones. Contain stem cells, which are able to divide then differentiate into blood cells.

Question 34

Lymphocytes

Answer 34

B and T cells, a type of leukocyte that is synthesized in bone marrow then released into blood. Most of the time, they stay in lymphoid tissue such as lymph nodes. Has have receptors that recognize and bind to foreign particles (ie. bacteria and viruses). Receptors signal lymphocytes to multiply and produce a response that will eliminate most infections.

Question 35

Lymph nodes, spleen location and function

Answer 35

General function: filter foreign particles in lymph and allow lymphocytes to bind to them. **Spleen**: oval shaped thing underneath left part of diphragm/behind stomach/next to kidney, filters foreign material from blood and removes old RBCs and platelets from blood.

Question 36

Leukemia, treatment

Answer 36

white blood cell cancer that begins in bone marrow and produce abnormal blood cells. Treatment: bone marrow of recipient is destroyed and healthy bone marrow (including stem cells) is transplanted.

Question 37

How do cancers metastisize?

Answer 37

Cancers spread from primary tumor to other areas of the body most commonly via lymphatic system. Biopsy of lymph nodes is used to determine spread of cancer and type of treatment.

Question 38

Why is circulatory system called "double pump system"?

Answer 38

Because heart is separated into 2 halves (right and left) and each side pumps blood to a different circulation system.