Lab 8a: Excretory and Reproductive Systems

Question 1

Function of excretory system, difference between male and female.

Answer 1

Removes dissolved metabolic waste from blood by production of urine. In women, the excretory and reproductive systems are separate. In men, partially connected.

Question 2

Functions of excretory system structures

see GD for anatomy

Answer 2

Kidneys: filters urea from blood and condenses it into urine.
Ureter: Conducts urine from kidneys to bladder.
Bladder: Stores urine until elimination.
Urethra: Transports urine from bladder to exterior of body during urination and semen during ejaculation.

Question 3

What is urine?

Answer 3

The end product of excretory system.

Question 4

What is urea?

Answer 4

The chemical name for the nitrogenous waste produced by humans.

Question 5

Functions of reproductive structures

see GD for anatomy

Answer 5

Scrotum: holds testes in an optimal temp. so that sperm can develop.
Testis: gonad that produces sperm cells and testosterone, made of seminiferous tubules.
Epdidymis: after forming in seminiferous tubules, sperm travel to this location where they mature and prepare for ejaculation.
Vas deferens: tube that transport sperm out of testes.
Penis: Erect for insertion intp vagina during sexual intercourse.

Question 6

Functions of male accessory sex glands

see GD

Answer 6

Seminal vesicle: secretes fluid that forms semen that provide nutrients (sugar and mucus) for sperm to propel themselves through female reproductive tract.
Prostate gland: produces alkaline fluid that forms semen to protects from acidicty of vagina.

Question 7

Where is sperm produced? Where is testosterone produced?

Answer 7

Sperm is produced inside testes, in the seminiferous tubules. Interstitial cells in between seminiferous tubules produce hormone testosterone.

Question 8

Effects of testosterone on the body

Answer 8

Increased muscle mass, hair growth, sex drive.

Question 9

What us semen

Answer 9

FLuid that is ejaculated from the penis during an orgasm made of sperm and secretions from accessory sex glands. 5% is semen and 95% are secretions.

Question 10

What are 3 symptoms of prostate enlargement?

Answer 10

Pain with urination, incontinence, bloody urine.

Question 11

Why does enlarged prostate result in difficult urination?

Answer 11

The urethra is surrounded by the prostate gland. When prostate is enlarged, it pushed against bladder and urethra.

Question 12

What tests do Drs perform to detect prostate cancer?

Answer 12

DIgital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen test.

Question 13

Functions of female reproductive structures

See GD for anatomy

Answer 13

Ovary: Gonads that produce egg cells and estrogen and progesterone.
Oviduct: tube that transports egg cell from ovary to uterus.
Uterus (womb): where fetus develops and grows.
Cervix: Bottom of uterus, opens to vagina.
Vagina: Serves as birth canal trhough which baby is born. also repository for sperm during sexual intercourse.

Question 14

Anatomical similarities between male and female reproductive systems

Answer 14

Both sexes have:
* a pair of gonads (testes and ovaries) that produce sex cells.
* Ducts that store and deliver gametes
* Structure that allow mating

Question 15

What is a Pap smear, what causes cervical cancer?

Answer 15

Test for precancerous cells on outer part of the cervix (cervical cancer). Almost all cervical cancer is caused by human papilloma virus (HPV).

Question 16

How often should Pap smear be done, and how to minimize chances of developing cervical cancer?

Answer 16

Should be done every 3 years beginning from age of 25 - 70. Use condoms, get HPV vaccine, get routine screening (ie Pap smear).

Question 17

Development of mammary glands during puberty

Answer 17

With onset of puberty, female breasts develop by increased production of estrogen in ovaries: mammary ducts elongate, exensive fat deposition occurs, and nipples grow and become pigmented.

Question 18

Breast cancer in women vs. men

Answer 18

Leading cause of death in women between 40-50 yrs old. Men also susceptible, but incidence rate is lower than women.

Question 19

Factors that predispose women to breast cancer

Answer 19

Risk increase with age and is contributed to genetic (family history of breast cancer), environmental, and behavioral factors.

Question 20

Prevention and treatment for breast cancer

Answer 20

Prevention: self-examination and mammography. Treatment: surgery (surgical removal of lump or entire breast), radiation therapy.

Question 21

Ovarian cycle, hormones

Answer 21

Describes maturation of egg inside follicle in the ovary each month and release of egg in ovulation. Controlled by 2 hormones produced by brain.

Question 22

Uterine cycle

Answer 22

Describes buildup and shedding of endometrium in uterus. Average length of cycle is 28 days; days 1-5 when endometrium is shed is menstruation. During day 5 (end of menstruation), developing follicle begins to secrete estrogen, which cuases endometrium to thicken. Controlled by estrogen and progesterone produced by ovaries

Question 23

What is the function of the endometrium?

Answer 23

It is the innermost layer of the uterus and is the site of implantation for fertilized egg.

Question 24

What is ovulation?

Answer 24

Release of egg from ovary.

Question 25

How does egg move down the oviduct to uterus?

Answer 25

Cells lining the oviduct have cilia that move egg.

Question 26

When the endometrium is thick, what stage of the ovarian cycle is the body in?

Answer 26

Ovulation.

Question 27

What is the corpus luteum? what 2 hormones does it produce?

Answer 27

The follicle tranforms into corpus luteum after oculation occurs. Produces:

Question 28

What happens to progesterone levels during pregnancy?

Answer 28

increase.

Question 29

How to recognizr ovary tissue ## Footnote draw immature follicle, mature follicle undergoing oculation, and corpus luteum.

Answer 29

Look for a mature follicle (large sac with egg toward side).

Question 30

What is fertilization, what does it result in, and where does it occur?

Answer 30

**Fertilization** is the union of a sperm nucleus and and egg nucleus, resulting in **zygote** that has normal number of chromosomes (23 pairs, 46 total). Occurs in oviduct.

Question 31

How does endometrium remain intact during pregnancy?

Answer 31

Outermost layer of embryo produces a hormone which prompts ovary to continue producing progesterone and estrogen for the first 3 mths of pregnancy, preventing menstruation.

Question 32

Placenta, umbilical cord ## Footnote see GD

Answer 32

**Placenta** is produced a mth after pregnancy and is composed of maternal and embryonic tissue. Connected to fetus by **umbilical cord**. After 3rd mth of pregnancy, placenta produces *estrogen and progesterone* to maintain endometrium. Also separates maternal blood from fetal blood.

Question 33

What is the function of the placenta?

Answer 33

Allow material exchange between mother and developing baby: * From mother to baby: oxygen and nutrients. * From baby to mother: harmful waste and carbon dioxide.

Question 34

Difference between embryo and fetus ## Footnote see GD

Answer 34

Embryo: first 2 mths of development. Princple organs develop. Looks like horsefish. Fetus: from third mth onward. Looks human?

Question 35

Gestation, time

Answer 35

Amount of time embryo or fetus is carried in uterus. total 266 days from fertilization.

Question 36

Stages of labor ## Footnote see GD

Answer 36

1. **Dilation stage**: cervix dilates to diameter of 10 cm. 8-24 hrs. 2. **Expulsion stage**: Contractions of uterus by the uterine **myometrium** and abdominal compression push fetus out thru vagina. 30 mins. 3. **Placental stage**: placenta separates from uterine wall and is expelled. Blood vessels constrict to prevent hemorrhage.

Question 37

Breech birth

Answer 37

Baby that emerges from uterus buttom first.

Question 38

Cesarean section

Answer 38

Delivery of fetus through incision made in abdominal wall and uterus. Sometimes used to deliver babies in breech position.

Answer 39

**Mammary glands** are prepared for **lacation** (secretion of milk by mammary glands) by estrogen and progesterone secreted by placenta. After birth, hormone **prolactin** levels rise and stimulates initial milk production. Oxytocin is released in reponse to suckling of infant andcause release of milk.

Question 40

Colostrum, Passive immunity

Answer 40

During first few days of birth, **colostrum** is secreted by breasts. It is high in antibodies that provide infant with **passive immunity** (wherein a person is provided with antibodies rather than produce them).