Lab 6 - Echinodermata, Protochordates, Fishes

Question 1

Deuterostome characteristics

Answer 1

Radial cleavage
Anus develops from blastopore
Enterocoelous eucelomate

Question 2

What type of symmetry do Echinoderms have

Answer 2

Pentaradial symmetry (groups or multiples of fives)

Question 3

Water Vascular System Function

Answer 3

Gas exchange, locomotion, feeding

Question 4

Structural support of Echinoderms (what makes it up? what are the subunits called?)

Answer 4

Calcareous endoskeleton made of ossicles

Question 5

Parts of the water vascular system

Answer 5

Ring canal, radial canals, tube feet, ampulla, madreporite

Question 6

Where does water enter within echinoderms

Answer 6

Madreporite

Question 7

Ampulla

Answer 7

pumps water thru tube feet, causes them to extend or retract

Question 8

Five major taxa of Echinodermata

Answer 8

Crinoidea (sea lilies) - rare
Asteroidea - Sea stars
Ophiuroidea - Brittle Stars
Holothuroidea - Sea Cucumbers
Echinoidea - Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars

Question 9

Asteroidea

Answer 9

sea stars, feed on clams and bivalves, use tube feet to open up bivalve then everts stomach to digest, slow movement

Question 10

Ophiuroidea

Answer 10

Lack tube feet, no digestive glands in arms, arms more distinctly offset, rapid movement

Question 11

Echinoidea

Answer 11

Use movable spines for protection and locomotion (irregular only), possess aristotle’s lantern

Question 12

Holothuroidea

Answer 12

Tentacles which are modified tube feet, ossicles largely reduced, defense mechanism everts internal organs thru anus which are later regenerated

Question 13

Protochordates

Answer 13

First marine life to have basic chordate characteristics. Two taxa

Question 14

Two taxa of Protochordates

Answer 14

Urochordata and Cephalochordata

Question 15

Basic Chordate Characteristics

Answer 15

Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches, post-anal tail, endostyle/thyroid gland

Question 16

Urochordata

Answer 16

AKA Tunicates, TAIL has well developed notochord (tail-chordate), dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharnyx has slits in larva

Question 17

Tunicate larva

Answer 17

Larva of urochordata, becomes less vertabrate-like as it matures by attaching to a solid structure and losing its tail/notochord/nerve cord

Question 18

Cephalochordata

Answer 18

AKA Branchiostoma/amphioxus, small ish that lie partially in the sand, filter feed using pharyngeal gill slits. Notochord goes into the head (head-chordate). Retain all 5 chordate synapomorphies unlike urochordates

Question 19

Craniata

Answer 19

AKA Vertebrata, distinguished by cartilaginous or bony skull enclosing the brain

Question 20

Craniata chracteriscs

Answer 20

skull (cartilage or bone), olfactory organs, eyes, inner ear

Question 21

Two taxa within Craniata

Answer 21

Agnatha, Gnathostoma

Question 22

Agnatha

Answer 22

without jaws, hagfish and lampreys

Question 23

Gnathostoma synapomorphy

Answer 23

with jaws

Question 24

Name for agnatha larvae

Answer 24

Ammocoetes

Question 25

Ammocoete characteristics

Answer 25

vertebrate kidneys, liver, fully formed brain, gill structures for filter feeding

Question 26

Differences between Ammocete and Amphioxus

Answer 26

Amphioxus does not have a brain, does not have heart or liver, has an anus instead of a cloaa, possesses an atriopore for excretion of water, has no circulatory system, and a caudal fin and wheel organ. Ammocete has oral hood WITHOUT tentacles and no wheel organ. More developed digestive system

Question 27

Gnasthostomata taxa

Answer 27

Chondricthyes and Osteichthyes

Question 28

Chondrichthyes synapomorphy

Answer 28

Cartilagionous endoskeleton (chond=cartilage, ichthys = fish), sharks, rays, skates,

Question 29

Osteichthyes synapomorphy

Answer 29

bony endoskeleton (oste = bone)

Question 30

Taxa within Osteichthyes

Answer 30

Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii

Question 31

Actinopterygii

Answer 31

Diverse ray-finned fishes, also contains Telosts which have disarticulated mouth structures forming "lips" (maxilla, premaxilla) allowing them to extend mouth to suck in prey

Question 32

Sarcopterygii

Answer 32

Lobe finned fishes

Question 33

Pedicellaria

Answer 33

features around spines of sea stars and urchins which are used for defense and cleaning the gills around the spines

Question 34

Types of muscles in sea cucumber

Answer 34

Longitudinal and Circular

Question 35

Function of muscles in sea cucumber

Answer 35

longitudinal are retractors to pull tentacles in, circular contract body

Question 36

Ambularcal tracts

Answer 36

In sea cucumbers, five of them line the sides of the body and are filled with tube feet

Question 37

Digestive system of the sea cucumber

Answer 37

Tentacles to mouth to intestines to cloaca

Question 38

Cuverian tubules

Answer 38

In sea cucumbers, extend off respiratory tree and are used for defense. Expelled during evisceration, some are toxic or entrap predators

Question 39

Caudal fin

Question 40

Cirri function amphioxus

Answer 40

prevent large particles from blocking chamber of mouth

Question 41

Wheel organ function

Answer 41

in amphioxus, draw water into mouth

Question 42

Endostyle function in amphioxus

Answer 42

Secretes mucous for food particle entrapment within the pharengial region

Question 43

Fins in gnathostomes

Answer 43

Two paired fins (Anterior pectoral, posterior pelvic), Dorsal, Caudal, Anal fins

Question 44

Movement in Gnathostomes

Answer 44

Larger, broader caudal fins with larger caudal penducles associated with burst speed, smaller and narrower more for sustained swimming

Question 45

Three sections/body regions of Osteichtyes

Answer 45

Head, trunk, tail

Question 46

What are pectoral and pelvic fins homomologous to?

Answer 46

Tetrapod limbs

Question 47

Gnathostome mouth types and functions

Answer 47

Terminal mouth - anterior end facing directly forward, feed on insects and larger prey. Downturned ventral mouths - feeding off of substrate. Elongated mouth - long reach and quick movmeent, helps catch prey as it swims by