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BIO 201 > Lab #7: Axial Muscles & Muscle History > Flashcards

Lab #7: Axial Muscles & Muscle History Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Muscle is subdivided into 3 types

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle

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2
Q

All muscle tissue functions through the interaction of two proteins

A

actin & myosin

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3
Q

Function of actin & myosin

A

accomplish the main goal of muscle; to contract and consequently force generation (ex. movement of limbs (skeletal), pumping blood (cardiac), and squeezing hollow organs (smooth)

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4
Q

General function of muscle

A

Movement Posture Stability Communication Control Thermoregulation

Mary Played Solitare Carefully at the Card Tournament

  • Movement of body parts and organ contents, which allow for important forms of communication
    (ex. speech, writing, expressions, mannerisms)
  • Maintaining posture and preventing unwanted movement (ex. stability)
  • Controlling openings and passageways/hollow organs
  • Thermoregulation (heat production)
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5
Q

which muscle is striated and which is non-striated?

A
  • Skeletal and cardiac muscle = striated

- Smooth muscle = non-striated

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6
Q

Striations in muscle are created by…

A

the arrangement and overlap of actin and myosin proteins

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7
Q

Cells from muscle tissues are also called…

A

fibers

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8
Q

Different physical descriptions of the muscles

A
  • skeletal muscle cells are long and fibrous
  • smooth muscle fibers are spindle-shaped
  • cardiac muscle fibers are shorter than skeletal muscle cells but vary in shape and size
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9
Q

Smooth muscle cells are often found in….

A

sheets or individual cells that encircle hollow organs

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10
Q

What do smooth muscle cells look like in longitudinal sections?

A

elongaged and pointed at the ends and fatter in the middle

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11
Q

What do smooth muscle cells look like in cross/transverse sections?

A

thin and wavy in appearance

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12
Q

What connects each smooth muscle fiber to its neighbor?

A

gap junctions

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13
Q

Gap junctions allow for….

A

communication between cells

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14
Q

How are smooth muscle cells normally grouped?

A

they are normally grouped in thick bands that are orientated in different directions around an organ (such as intenstines or stomach)

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15
Q

Longitudinal cardiac muscle fibers resemble…

A

the shape and arrangement of smooth muscle cell at low magnification

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16
Q

Key identifying structures of cardiac muscle cells?

A

intercalated disc, and within those, the adhering junctions and desosomes

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17
Q

Intercalated disc

A

constitutes border of each cell, communicates between cells using gap junctions

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18
Q

Cross section cardiac muscle cells look similar to….

A

skeletal muscle, except cardiac muscle sections have thicker connective tissue regions between muscle fiber than skeletal muscle

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19
Q

Where is the nuclei found in cardiac muscle and what does it look like?

A

It’s found in different locations each time and they appear dark because of a hematocylin stain

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20
Q

Cross section skeletal muscle cells appear as…

A

groups of circular cells of generally the same size

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21
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of skeletal circular muscle cells

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22
Q

Perimysium

A

thicker connective tissue regions that Fascicles are distinguished by

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23
Q

Endoymsium

A

found in between the fibers

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24
Q

How do skeletal muscle cells differ from other cells?

A
  • enormous in both length and volume

- contain more than one nucleus

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25
Sarcmere
the smallest contractile/functional unit of a skeletal muscle, can only be observed through an electron microscope
26
Where are blood vessels in skeletal muscle often found?
within the thicker connective tissue regions of the perimysium
27
What are muscle spindles? What is their significance?
four small muscle fibers grouped togther. they're important for helping to communicate to the nervous system the position and length of the muscle as a whole
28
Skeletal muscles comprise ____ of total body mass
30-40%, women leaning towards the 30s and men towards the 40s
29
Skeltal muscles vary in both shape and size, but can be categorized based on the _______
orientation of a muscle's fibers relative to its tendon to which they attach
30
Skeletal muscle functions to _____
shorten the distance between two points of the body
31
Most common skeletal muscle arrangements
Circular, Convergent/radiate, Parallel/fusiform, Pennate (uni-, bi-, and multi-pennate)
32
Circular muscle arrangement
Fibers are arranged in concentric rings (ex. sphincters)
33
Convergent/radiate muscle arrangement
Fibers are arranged in a broad, or flared, pattern from the origin to its insertion as a single tendon (ex. Pectoralis major)
34
Parallell/fusiform muscle arrangement
Fibers run parallel with the long axis of the muscle (ex. Biceps brachii, sartorius, soleus)
35
Pennate muscle arrangement
Fibers run at an angle relative to the tendons of that muscle (ex. Unipennate: extensor digitorum longus, Bipennate: rectis femoris, Multipennate: deltoid)
36
List all muscle arrangements
- Fusiform - Unipennate - Circular - Convergent - Bipennate - Parallel - Multipennate
37
Facial Muscles
``` -Galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis or aponeurosis epicraialis) → Frontalis → Occipitalis -Orbicularis oculi -Nasalis -Masseter -Buccinator -Modiolus -Orbicularis oris -Platysma -Sternocleidomastoid ```
38
Galea aponeurotica and its containing muscles
dense fibrous connective tissue covering top of cranium connecting frontalis and occipitalis muscles
39
Frontalis
raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
40
Frontalis
raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
41
Occipitalis
pulls scalp posteriorly
42
Temporalis
closes jaw (elevates and retracts mandible)
43
Orbicularis oculi
closes eyelids
44
Nasalis
flares nostrils; compresses nasal cartilage
45
Masseter
principal muscle for jaw movement; closes jaw
46
Buccinator
compresses cheeks; aids in food position for chewing
47
Modiolus
intersection of facial muscles; provides stability for mouth movement and facial expression
48
Orbicularis oris
closes mouth; puckers lips
49
Platysma
creates downward sag of mouth; tenses skin of neck
50
Sternocleidomastoid
flexes and laterally rotates head
51
Muscles for Chewing and Swallowing
- Suprahyoid group | - Infrahyoid group
52
Suprahyoid group
forms floor of oral cavity; provides an anchor for tongue; elevates hyoid bone; moves larynx superiorly during swallowing
53
Infrahyoid group
depresses hyoid bone; depresses larynx during swallowing and speaking
54
Mucles in the Suprahyoid group
- Digastric (anterior belly, posterior belly) - stylohyoid - mylohyoid
55
Muscles in the Infrahyoid group
- sternohyoid - thyrohoid - sternothyroid - Omohyoid (which has the superior and inferior belly)
56
Muscles for Breathing
- External intercostals - Internal intercostals - Diaphram
57
External intercostals
elevates ribcage; external = inspiration
58
Internal intercostals
depresses ribcage; internal = expiration
59
Diaphram
principle muscle for inspiration, muscle shortening flattens this muscle to increase lung volume
60
Breathing
the physical process of moving air in and out of the lungs
61
Respiration
the chemical process or utilization of gases used and created for metabolic systems, such as producing ATP
62
Chest and Abdominal Muscles
- Pectoralis major - Pectoralis minor (deep - Serratus anterior - Rectus abdominis - External oblique - Internal oblique (deep) - Transverse abdominal (deep)
63
Pectoralis major
adducts and medially rotates arn
64
Pectoralis minor (deep):
moves scapula forward and downward
65
Serratus anterior
rotates scapula laterally and upward
66
Serratus anterior
rotates scapula laterally and upward
67
Rectus abdominis
Flexes and rotates lumbar region of vertebral column; stabilizes pelvic region during walking
68
External oblique
flexes vertebral column when contracting simultaneously; helps to rotate trunk and lateral flexion when contracting individually
69
Internal oblique (deep)
same as external oblique
70
Internal oblique (deep)
same as external oblique
71
Transverse abdominal (deep)
compresses abdominal cavity and ribs; aids in stabilizing thoracic and abdominopelvic regions
72
Back Muscles
-Trapezius -Rhomboideus major and minor (deep) -Latissimus dorsi -Deltoid -Rotator cuff → Subcapularis → Supraspinatus → Infraspinatus → Teres minor -Teres major (deep) -Erector spinae → iliocostalis → longissimus → spinalis -Semispinalis -Multifidus
73
Trapezius
elevates, rotates, and stabilizes scapula; shrugging shoulders
74
Rhomboideus major and minor (deep)
Stabilizes scapula; works in conjunction with trapezius muscle
75
Latissimus dorsi
extends and adducts arm; medially rotates arm at shoulder
76
Deltoid
principal muscle for abduction of arm
77
Rotator cuff
four deep muscles that collectively stabilize the glenohumeral joint → Subcapularis: rotates arm medially → Supraspinatus: initiates abduction of arm → Infraspinatus: rotates arm laterally → Teres minor: rotates arm laterally
78
Teres major (deep)
extends and adducts arm; rotates arm medially
78
Teres major (deep)
extends and adducts arm; rotates arm medially
79
Erector spinae
principal muscle group for extending back, consists of 3 columns → iliocostalis → longissimus → spinalis
80
Semispinalis
extends and rotates head and vertebral column
81
Semispinalis
extends and rotates head and vertebral column
82
Multifidus
stabilizes lowe thoracic and lumbar region of vertebral column

BIO 201 (11 decks)

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