Lab #1: Intro, Chem, Directional Terms, Organ Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Levels of organization
A
Atomic level → Molecular level → Cellular level → Tissue level → Organ level → Organ system level → Organism level
2
Q
Octet rule
A
States that 8 electrons are needed to fill electron shells, the only exception being the first innermost shell (which only requires 2 electrons)
3
Q
Valence electrons
A
electrons found in the atom’s outermost shell
4
Q
Cation
A
when an atom loses one or more of its electrons, the number of protons is higher and the atom becomes positively charged
5
Q
Anion
A
when an atom gains one or more electrons, the number of protons is lower and the atom becomes negatively charged
6
Q
Ions
A
atoms that carry a charge because they have either lost or gained one or more of their electrons
7
Q
Homeostasis
A
The body’s ability to maintain a condition of equilibrium. This is crucial for the body to be able to carry out its normal physiological processes
8
Q
All ions are ________.
A
electrolytes
9
Q
Electrolytes are crucial for _____ and _____.
A
homeostasis and cell function
10
Q
A severe electrolyte imbalance can impact ______.
A
muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and cardiac functions.
11
Q
Anatomical position
A
a position in which the body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forwards, thumbs pointing away from the body
12
Q
Superficial
A
toward the surface/skin
13
Q
Deep
A
away from the surface, towards the body’s interior
14
Q
Posterior
A
toward the back
15
Q
Anterior
A
toward the front
16
Q
Medial
A
toward the midline
17
Q
Lateral
A
away from the midline
18
Q
Proximal
A
toward the point of origin
19
Q
Distal
A
away from the point of origin
20
Q
Superior
A
toward the head
21
Q
Inferior
A
away from the head, towards the feet
22
Q
Abdominal region
A
area over the abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the pelvis
23
Q
Acromial region
A
the area over the lateral part of the shoulder that contains the acromion of the scapula
24
Q
Antebrachial region
A
the forearm
25
Antecubital region
the area over the elbow joint, between the arm and forearm
26
Axillary region
the armpit (area on and around the axilla)
27
Brachial region
the anterior and posterior arm, between the shoulder and elbow joint
28
Buccal region
lateral portion of the face, the cheeks
29
Calcaneal region
the heel of the foot
30
Carpal region
the wrist
31
Cephalic region
the entire head, from the chin to the top of the skull
32
Cervical region
anterior and posterior neck
33
Cranial region
the top of the head, or the portion of the skull that encases the brain
34
Crural region
the anterior leg, the shin
35
Digital region
fingers or toes
36
Femoral region
anterior and posterior thigh
37
Frontal region
the forehead
38
Gluteal region
the buttocks
39
Inguinal region
the area along the inguinal ligament that divides the pelvis from the thigh (v-line)
40
Lumbar region
lower back
41
Mammary region
the area around the breast
42
Manual region
general area of the hand
43
Mental region
the chin
44
Nasal region
the nose
45
Nuchal region
the ridge that runs along the back of the skull within the occipital region
46
Occipital region
the general area of the back of the skill
47
Oral region
the mouth
48
Orbital region
the area around the eye
49
Otic region
the area around the ear
50
Palmar region
the anterior hand (the palm of the hand)
51
Patellar region
the anterior part of the knee, over the patella (kneecap)
52
Pedal region
the foot
53
Pelvic region
the anterior pelvis
54
Plantar region
the bottom of the foot
55
Popliteal region
the posterior side of the knee joint
56
Pubic region
the area over the pubic bone
57
Scapular region
the area over the scapula, in the superior back
58
Sternal region
the area in the middle of the chest, over the sternum
59
Sural region
the posterior part of the leg, the calf
60
Tarsal region
the ankle region
61
Thoracic region
the general chest area
62
Umbilical region
the area around the umbilicus (belly button)
63
Vertebral region
the area over the vertebral column (the spine)
64
Arm
the portion of the upper limb, from the elbow to the shoulder
65
Forearm
the portion of the upper limb, from the elbow to the wrist
66
Leg
the portion of the lower limb, from the knee to the ankle
67
Lower limb
the entire portion of the body from the hip to the digits of the foot
68
Thigh
the portion of the lower limb from the hip to the knee
69
Upper limb
the entire portion of the body from the shoulder to the digits of the hand
70
Body cavities are _____ filled, and lined with thin layers of tissue known as _____.
fluid filled, lined with serous membranes
71
Serous membranes secrete _______.
serous fluid
72
Function of serous fluid
serves as a lubricant for the organs, allowing them to move freely without friction in the cavity
73
Where is serous fluid found?
in between the parietal and visceral membrane layers
74
The serous membrane is composed of two layers: the __________ and the __________.
outer parietal layer and inner visceral layer
75
Parietal layer
attached to the body wall and its structures
76
Visceral layer
attached to specific organs
77
Peritoneal cavity
The third sub-cavity of the abdominopelvic cavity, formed by the peritoneal membrane. The parietal peritoneum is attached to the body wall and surrounding structures, while the visceral peritoneum is attached to the surface of many abdominal and pelvic organs.
78
Intraperitoneal organs
organs that are found within the peritoneal cavity: the liver, most of the small intestine, most of the colon, the stomach, the spleen, and part of the pancreas
79
Retroperitoneal organs
organs that are posterior to the peritoneal cavity: including the kidneys, adrenal glands, sex organs, urinary bladder, part of the colon, and part of the pancreas
80
4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity
right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
81
Visible organs of the right upper abdominopelvic cavity
liver, pancreas, gallbladder, duodenum, transverse colon
82
Visible organs of the right lower abdominopelvic cavity
small intestine, ascending colon, appendix, urinary bladder
83
Visible organs of the left upper abdominopelvic cavity
liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, transverse colon
84
Visible organs of the left lower abdominopelvic cavity
small intestine, descending colon, urinary bladder
85
Body systems acronym
MURDERS LINC
86
Name the body systems
1. Muscular
2. Urinary aka Renal
3. Respiratory
4. Digestive
5. Endocrine
6. Reproductive
7. Skeletal
8. Lymphatic
9. Integumentary
10. Nervous
11. Cardiovascular
87
Function of the integumentary system
protection, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous secretion
88
Organs of the integumentary system
hair, nails, skin, cutaneous glands
89
Function of the skeletal system
movement, support, protection of internal viscera, electrolyte and acid-base balance, blood formation
90
Organs of the skeletal system
bones, cartilage, ligaments
91
Function of the muscular system
movement, stability, heat production, control of body openings, communication
92
Organs of the muscular system
skeletal muscles
93
Function of the nervous system
coordination, motor control and sensation, rapid internal communication
94
Organs of the nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
95
Function of the cardiovascular system
fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, distribution of oxygen, wastes, nutrients, hormones, heat, immune cells, and antibodies
96
Organs of the cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels
97
Function of the lymphatic system
detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease, recovery of excess tissue fluid
98
Organs of the lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils
99
Function of the respiratory system
acid-base balance, speech, absorption of oxygen and discharge of carbon dioxide
100
Organs of the respiratory system
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea bronchi, lungs
101
Function of the endocrine system
internal chemical communication and coordination, hormone production
102
Organs of the endocrine system
pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes
103
Function of the renal system
elimination of wastes, stimulation of red blood cell formation, regulation of blood volume and pressure, control of fluid, acid-base and electrolyte balance, detoxification
104
Organs of the renal system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
105
Function of the digestive system
nutrient breakdown and absorption
106
Organs of the digestive system
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
107
Function of the male reproductive system
secretion of sex hormones, production and delivery of sperm
108
Organs of the male reproductive system
testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, prostate gland, penis
109
Function of the female reproductive system
secretion of sex hormones, production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation
110
Organs of the female reproductive system
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands
111
Posterior (dorsal) cavity
posterior side of the body, from the skull to the lumbar region. Contains cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
112
Cranial cavity
contains brain
113
Vertebral cavity
contains spinal cord
114
Anterior (ventral) cavity
anterior side of the body, starting from the shoulders to the pelvis. Contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
115
Thoracic cavity
contains mediastinum, pleural cavity (surrounding lung), pericardial cavity
(surrounding heart)
116
Abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity (contains reproductive, urinary,
and digestive organs
117
Peritoneal cavity
contains abdominal and lymphatic organs
118
Plane
an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body or its organs
119
Section
a cut or slice taken to view the internal anatomy
120
Sagittal plane
divides the body or organs into left and right parts
121
Sagittal plane
divides the body or organs into left and right parts
122
Midsagittal plane
when the body or its organs are divided into EQUAL left and right parts (only one)
123
Parasagittal plane
when the body or its organs are divided into UNEQUAL left and right parts (multiple)
124
Frontal/coronal plane
divides the body or its organs into anterior and posterior parts
125
Transverse/cross section/horizontal plane
divides the body or its organs into superior and inferior parts
