Lab 8

Question 1

What forms hemoglobin?

Answer 1

Erythrogenesis

Question 2

What is the life span of red blood cells?

Answer 2

60-160 days

Question 3

Hemoglobin is built up of what?

Answer 3

4 hemes with porphyrin skeleton and four polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta). A Fe2+ is found in each heme

Question 4

What is the most important task of the hemoglobin?

Answer 4

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

Question 5

What does the performance of the hemoglobin depend on?

Answer 5

Hemoglobin concentration and the form of ferrous ion in the heme

Question 6

What is methemoglobin? Can it transport oxygen?

Answer 6

Contains a Fe3+ in each heme, cannot transport oxygen.

Question 7

How is methemoglobin produced?

Answer 7

By oxidation of hemoglobin

Question 8

Is the protein structure of the methemoglobin different than hemoglobin?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

What group is peroxidase enzymes classified into?

Answer 9

Oxydo-reductases

Question 10

What skeleton do peroxidases contain?

Answer 10

Porphyrin skeleton

Question 11

What can peroxidases do in the presence of H2O2?

Answer 11

Oxidize hydrogen-containing substrates

Question 12

Ferrous-containing porphyrins can catalyse what?

Answer 12

Oxidation of hydrogen-containing substrates in the presence of H2O2

Question 13

What part of the hemoglobin can catalyze the oxidation?

Answer 13

The non-protein heme

Question 14

What is the principle of hemoglobin detection by benzidine test?

Answer 14

The substrate added to the H2O2 and hemoglobin has different colors in reduced and oxidized form

Question 15

What is it called if blood or hemoglobin is excreted in the urine?

Answer 15

Blood: hematuria
Hemoglobin: hemoglobinuria

Question 16

Benzidine will be oxidized to …?

Answer 16

Benzidine blue

Question 17

Main reasons for hematuria? (4)

Answer 17

Lower urinary tract infection
Kidney inflammation
Kidney stones or urinary stones
Urinary tract tumors

Question 18

Main reasons for hemoglobinuria?

Answer 18

Intensive hemolysis

Question 19

What is normal hemoglobin concentration in healthy humans?

Answer 19

8-10 mmol/l (140-160 g/l)

Question 20

What is the hemoglobin concentration of healthy domestic animals?

Answer 20

4-10 mmol/l (70-160 g/l)

Question 21

What happens to the oxygen supply of the tissues if there is a low hemoglobin concentration?

Answer 21

Decreases

Question 22

What happens to red blood cells if they are put in ammonia?

Answer 22

They are hemolyzed and the hemoglobin will turn into oxyhemoglobin

Question 23

If the hemoglobin is oxidized by potassium hexacyanoferrate in the presence of KCN, what is produced?

Answer 23

Methemoglobin (transformation solution)

Question 24

What is the Fe3+ ion of the methemoglobin bound to, and what is produced?

Answer 24

To the cyanide ion, cyano-methemoglobin is produced

Question 25

When is hemoglobin concentration in the blood low?

Answer 25

Anemia

Question 26

What can cause anemia?

Answer 26

Insufficient synthesis of hemoglobin: Iron deficiency Lead poisoning Enzymopathies (porphyria)

Question 27

What is hemoglobin without oxygen called?

Answer 27

Deoxyhemoglobin

Question 28

Deoxyhemoglobin combined with oxygen is called ...?

Answer 28

Oxyhemoglobin

Question 29

How can oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin be differentiated?

Answer 29

Spectral analysis

Question 30

What does oxygen ratio show?

Answer 30

The ratio of oxyhemoglobin to the total hemoglobin

Question 31

What is the clinical device that measures oxygen ratio called?

Answer 31

Pulsoximeter (oximeter)

Question 32

Where is the pulsoximeter usually placed on the animal?

Answer 32

The tongue or the pad

Question 33

Where are red blood cells degradated?

Answer 33

Spleen

Question 34

What cells take up the hemoglobin after hemolysis?

Answer 34

MPS cells (mononuclear phagocyte system)

Question 35

What is the bilirubin bound to when it comes out of the MPS cells Into the blood circulation?

Answer 35

Albumin

Question 36

What is the albumin-bound bilirubin called?

Answer 36

Bilirubin I, indirect bilirubin or unjonjugated bilirubin

Question 37

Where is albumin released from bilirubin?

Answer 37

In the liver

Question 38

What is bilirubin conjugated with in the liver?

Answer 38

Glucoronic acid

Question 39

What is the new name of the bilirubin after it is conjugated with glucoronic acid?

Answer 39

Bilirubin II, direct bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin glucuronide

Question 40

Where is the bilirubin glucuronide excreted?

Answer 40

In the bile (a smaller amount is excreted in free form into the circulation due to the polarity (of the glucoronic acid) it doesn’t need a transport molecule)

Question 41

What are the reduced products of the bilirubin in the intestines?

Answer 41

Urobilinogen (UBG) and stercobilinogen

Question 42

What reagent can detect Br-I and Br-II?

Answer 42

Diazo reagent

Question 43

What can detach bilirubin from albumin?

Answer 43

Ethanol or caffeine

Question 44

What is produced when bilirubin-glucuronide (Br-II) reacts with sulphanilic acid?

Answer 44

Azobilirubin

Question 45

What does diazo reagent consist of?

Answer 45

Sulphanilic acid and sodium nitrate (NaNO2)

Question 46

Why can’t indirect bilirubin be excreted in the urine in healthy animals?

Answer 46

The molecule is too big to pass through the glomerulus

Question 47

What is increased bilirubin concentration in the urine called?

Answer 47

Bilirubinuria

Question 48

What test can detect bilirubin in the urine?

Answer 48

Gmelin’s test

Question 49

What oxidizes the bilirubin from the Gmelin’s test and what is produced?

Answer 49

Nitric acid, rings of different colors are produced

Question 50

What can detect UBG in the urine?

Answer 50

Ehrlich’s reaction

Question 51

What happens to normal amounts of UBG during Ehrlichs reaction and what’s different when the amount is increased?

Answer 51

Normal: positive reaction (red color) is only given after heating Increased: red color is given even at room temp No UBG: no color even after heating

Question 52

What does Ehrlichs reaction consist of?

Answer 52

P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde dissolved in HCl

Question 53

What is increased bilirubin concentration in the blood called?

Answer 53

Hyperbilirubinaemia

Question 54

Apolaric bilirubin can easily penetrate tissues and color them yellow, resulting in...?

Answer 54

Jaundice (icterus)

Question 55

Where can symptoms of icterus be detected?

Answer 55

Sclera and mucous membranes

Question 56

What is pre-hepatic icterus caused by?

Answer 56

Intensive intravascular hemolysis in case of numerous infections Br-II and UBG in urine

Question 57

What is post-hepatic icterus caused by?

Answer 57

Occlusion of bile ducts Br-II in serum No UBG in urine

Question 58

What is hepatic icterus?

Answer 58

Damage to helatocytes —> no conjugation of bilirubin