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Biology 1020 Lab > Lab 8 - Invertebrates (1) > Flashcards

Lab 8 - Invertebrates (1) Flashcards

1
Q

animals are characterized by (2)

A
  1. multicellularity
  2. heterotrophic organisms
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2
Q

most animals are _____(motile or sessile)

A

motile

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3
Q

how do animals differ from plants and fungi

A

lack cell walls

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4
Q

how are animals held together WITHOUT cell walls

A

structural proteins

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5
Q

where do animal tissues develop from

A

embryonic layers

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6
Q

when do animal tissues form

A

during the development of blastula and gastrula stages

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7
Q

reproduction of animals is

A

gametic meiosis

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8
Q

what is the only haploid stage in animal reproduction

A

gametes

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9
Q

the only multicellular stage in gametic meiosis is

A

diploid

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10
Q

products of meiosis in gametic meiosis are

A

gametes

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11
Q

types of symmetry

A
  1. asymmetrical
  2. radial
  3. bilateral
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12
Q

types of body cavities

A
  1. pseducoelmates
  2. acoelomates
  3. eucoelomates
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13
Q

how do animals in the basal lineage of the Metazoa differ from other animals

A
  1. lack of true tissue
  2. symmetry is often radial or lacking
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14
Q

what is the basal lineage

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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15
Q

Phylum Porifera are sessile or motile

A
  1. sessile
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16
Q

Phylum Porifera live in

A

marine environments and sometimes freshwater

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17
Q

how do Phylum Porifera feed

A

by filtering water through pores

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18
Q

what line the pores for filtering water in Phylum Porifera

A

choanocytes

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19
Q

choanocytes

A

flagellated internal collar cells

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20
Q

how does water enter Phylum Porifera

A

through microscopic in currents openings (ostium)

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21
Q

where does the water go once it has entered the Phylum Porifera

A

to the spongocoel

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22
Q

simpler species of Phylum Porifera traits

A
  1. vase-shaped
  2. single excurrent opening (oscula)
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23
Q

larger species of Phylum Porifera traits

A
  1. asymmetrical
  2. numerous excurrent oscula
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24
Q

oscula vs ostium in Phylum Porifera

A

oscula
1. excurrent opening

Ostium
1. incurrent opening

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25
Q

what do some sponges in Phylum Porifera secrete

A

glassy or calcareous skeletal structures called spicules

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26
Q

do all members of Phylum Porifera have spicules

A

NO - some lack them and instead have skeletons made from flexible spongin

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27
Q

can Phylum Porifera members have both spongin and spicules

A

yes

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28
Q

Eumetazoa animals are composed of

A
  1. definite tissues and organs
  2. bilateral or radial symmetry
  3. alimentary tract with one or two openings
  4. bodies with 2 or 3 embryonic tissues
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29
Q

what does an alimentary tract look like with one opening (Eumetazoa)

A

the mouth

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30
Q

what does an alimentary tract look like with two openings (Eumetazoa )

A

both mouth and an ANUS

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31
Q

compare the different bodies and their tissues possible for members of Eumetazoa

A
  1. 2 tissues - endoderm and ectoderm
  2. 3 tissues -endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
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32
Q

two types of body symmetry in Eumetazoa

A

radially symmetry
bilateral symmetry

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33
Q

do bilateral symmetrical animals in Eumetazoa form a clade?

A

YES - clade Bilateria

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34
Q

radial symmetrical animals in Eumetazoa are _____

A

diploblastic

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35
Q

diploblastic

A

2 main embryonic tissue layers

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36
Q

how are inner and outer layers separated in diploblastic animals

A

by a thick or thin noncellular gelatinous matrix called mesoglea

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37
Q

how many openings do diploblastic animals have

A

ONE opening from the gastrovascular cavity

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38
Q

is organ development extensive or limited in diploblastic animals

A

limited

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39
Q

example of radially symmetrical, diploblastic animal

A

Phylum Cnidaria

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40
Q

Phylum Cnidaria includes

A
  1. hydras
  2. jellyfish
  3. corals
  4. anemones
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41
Q

symmetry shown by Phylum Cnidaria

A

radial

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42
Q

what do Phylum Cnidaria have around their mouths

A

tentacles

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43
Q

do Phylum Cnidaria have a gastrovascular cavity

A

YES

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44
Q

how does the gut of Phylum Cnidaria communicate with the outside world

A

via the mouth

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45
Q

is there an anus in Phylum Cnidaria

A

NO

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46
Q

unique trait of Phylum Cnidaria

A

stinging cells (Cnidocytes) containing nematocysts which can be used for defensive or offensive

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47
Q

2 basic body plans of Phylum Cnidaria

A
  1. sexual, motile medusa
  2. asexual, nonmotile sessile or slow-moving polyp
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48
Q

is the medusa of Phylum Cnidaria sexual or asexual

A

sexual

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49
Q

is the polyp of Phylum Cnidaria sexual or asexual

A

asexual

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50
Q

habitat of Phylum Cnidaria

A
  1. marine
  2. some freshwater
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51
Q

two clades of Phylum Cnidaria

A
  1. medusozoan
  2. anthozoan
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52
Q

dominant form of clade Medusozoan of Phylum Cnidaria

A

polyp

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53
Q

what stage is reduced in medusozoan of Phylum Cnidaria

A

medusae

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54
Q

Clade medusozoan includes

A
  1. Hydra
  2. Portuguese-Man-Of-War
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55
Q

Hydrozoan medusa disperse through ____ in Clade Medusozoan

A

jet propulsive swimming

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56
Q

velum importance for some members of Medusozan

A

a layer of tissue around the edge of the medusa that aids in jet-propulsion

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57
Q

Anthozoans have two main body types

A
  1. large, solitary anemones
  2. corals
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58
Q

traits of anemones of Clade Anthozoan in Phylum Cnidaria

A
  1. large and solitary
  2. fleshy
  3. LACK any calcareous exoskeleton
  4. often very colourful when living
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59
Q

traits of corals of Clade Anthozoan in Phylum Cnidaria

A
  1. live in warm, clear tropical waters
  2. form reefs
  3. DO secrete calcareous exoskeletons
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60
Q

are members of Bilateria triploblastic or diploblastic

A

triploblastic

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61
Q

main symmetry of Bilateria

A

bilateral

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62
Q

are orans well developed or limited in Bilaterians

A

well developed

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63
Q

what are organs organized into in Bilaterians

A

organ systems

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64
Q

types of coelom in Bilateria

A
  1. coelomate
  2. acoelomate
  3. pseudocoelomate
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65
Q

acoelomate

A

ABSENT body cavity (coelom)

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66
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

a coelom PARTLY lined with mesoderm

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67
Q

eucoelomate

A

coelom COMPLETELY lined with mesoderm

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68
Q

two types of development

A
  1. Protostome development
  2. Deutersotome development
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69
Q

animals with Protostome development are characterized by

A
  1. spiral and determinate cleavage
  2. mesoderm arising from cells near the lip of blastophore
  3. coelom arising as a split of the original SOLID MASS of mesoderm
  4. mouth arises from the blastophore
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70
Q

two lineages showing Protostome development

A
  1. Lophotrochozoans
  2. Ecdysozoa
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71
Q

what do FEW eucoelomate phyla in Lophotrochozoans show

A

ciliated tentacles (lophophore)

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72
Q

what do SOME eucoelomates phyla in Lophotrochozoans

A

ciliated trochophore larvae

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73
Q

four phyla in the Lophotrochozoans lineage

A
  1. Phylum Platyhelminthes
  2. Phylum Rotifera
  3. Phylum Mollusca
  4. Phylum Annelida
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74
Q

two examples of species in Phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  1. Planarian
  2. tapeworms
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75
Q

Species: Phylum: Lineage: Clade: Major Lineage

A
  1. Planarian
  2. Phylum Platyhelminthes
  3. Lophotrochozoa
  4. Bilateria
  5. Euemetazoa
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76
Q

Planaria habitat in Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

freshwater

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77
Q

Planarians are

A

flatworms

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78
Q

do Planarian from Phylum Platyhelminthes show cephalization

A

yes

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79
Q

traits of tapeworms from Phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  1. scolex and hooks
  2. long chains of segments (proglottids)
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80
Q

where do proglottids form in tapeworms

A

region immediately behind the scolex

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81
Q

do tapeworms have both male and female reproductive systems or just one

A

BOTH

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82
Q

the growth of what allows the tapeworms to become sexually mature and filled with eggs (gravid)

A

as the proglottids age

83
Q

function of proglottids in tapeworms

A

Each proglottid has both male and female sexual organs and is responsible for producing the parasite’s eggs

84
Q

function of scolex in tapeworms

A

scolex (head) functions as an anchoring organ that attaches to intestinal mucosa

85
Q

Phylum Rotifera belong to _____

A
85
Q

Phylum Rotifera belong to _____

A

Lophotrochozoans

86
Q

type of coelom in Phylum Rotifera

A

pseudoceolomates

87
Q

habitats of Phylum Rotifera

A

marine and freshwater

88
Q

how do Phylum Rotifera feed

A

with an anterior ciliated corona and break up food particles with complex internal jaws

89
Q

what are the jaws called in Phylum Rotifera

A

mastax

90
Q

how are Phylum Rotifera DIFFERENT from Phylum Platyheminthes

A

they have a complete digestive tract with a mouth AND an anus

91
Q

type of symmetry of Phylum Mollusca

A

bilateral

92
Q

Phylum Mollusca are ______ (coelom)

A

eucoelomate

93
Q

Phylum Mollusca are ______ development (protostome or deuterostome)

A

protostome

94
Q

what do Phylum Mollusca LACK

A

segmentation

95
Q

parts of the body in Phylum Mollusca

A
  1. foot
  2. visceral mass
  3. mantle
  4. mantle cavity
  5. shell
  6. radula
96
Q

foot function in Phylum Mollusca

A

used for locomotion and food capture

97
Q

visceral mass function in Phylum Mollusca

A

contains the organ systems

98
Q

mantle function Phylum Mollusca

A

soft tissue that secretes the shell

99
Q

mantle cavity function in Phylum Mollusca

A

where the gills and excretory organs are found

100
Q

shell in Phylum Mollusca is

A

calcareous

101
Q

radula in Phylum Mollusca

A

a rasping organ in the MOUTH that is used to scrape up food

102
Q

four clades within Phylum Mollusca

A
  1. Polyplacophora
  2. Gastropods
  3. Bivalvia
  4. cephalopods
103
Q

Clade Polyplacophora includes

A

chitons

104
Q

Clade Polyplacophora have _____ along the dorsal midline

A

EIGHT overlapping shall plates

105
Q

Clade Polyplacophora use the foot as

A

as suction cup to adhere to rocks

106
Q

Clade Polyplacophora use the radula

A

to scrape algae from rocks

107
Q

Clade Gastropoda includes

A

snails and slugs

108
Q

Clade Gastropoda’s shell is

A

a single spiral shell (not always present)

109
Q

Clade Gastropoda bodies show

A

torsion/twisting

110
Q

what is secreted in Clade gastropoda to help with locomotion

A

mucus

111
Q

what is the radula used for in Clade gastropoda

A

feeding

112
Q

Clade Bivalvia includes

A

clams, oysters, scallops and mussles

113
Q

describe the shell of Clade Bivalvia

A

paired lateral shells that are hinged dorsally

114
Q

what is the radula used for in Clade Bivalvia

A

ABSENT

115
Q

what has happened to the head in Clade Bivalvia

A

reduced

116
Q

what structures is enlarged and why in Clade Bivalvia

A

gills for suspension or filter feeding

117
Q

the foot is used for _____ _in Clade Bivalvia

A

anchorage and locomotion

118
Q

Clade Cephalopoda includes

A
  1. nautiluses
  2. squids
  3. octopuses
119
Q

what is unique about the head and foot in Clade Cephalopoda

A

it has fused together

120
Q

what member of Clade Cephalopoda is this
the shell is multi-chambered or external

A

Nautilus

121
Q

what member of Clade Cephalopoda is this
the shell is internal

A

squids

122
Q

what member of Clade Cephalopoda is this
the shell is absent

A

in octopuses

123
Q

how is the head modified in Clade Cephalopoda

A

into tentacles for prey capture and manipulation

124
Q

what form is the foot in Clade Cephalopoda and what is the function

A

forms a siphon and is modified for jet-propelled locomotion

125
Q

are Phylum Annelida segmented or unsegmented worms

A

segmented

126
Q

how are segments divided in Phylum Annelida

A

by septa

127
Q

Phylum Annelida are _______ (coelom)

A

eucoelomates

128
Q

do Phylum Annelida show cephalization

A

YES

129
Q

cephalization

A

development of an anterior head and concentration of nervous system and sense organs

130
Q

what kind of circulatory system do Phylum Annelida have

A

closed

131
Q

closed circulatory system

A

distant from the heart, the arteries and veins are connected by capillaries

132
Q

do Phylum Annelida have both a mouth and an anus? If so, what is this called

A

Yes - complete gut

133
Q

what are two major clades in Phylum Annelida

A
  1. Errantia and Sedentaria
134
Q

Polychaetes in Phylum Annelida live in

A

marine habitats

135
Q

Polychaetes in Phylum Annelida traits (3)

A
  1. lateral, fleshy parapodia
  2. numerous chaetae
  3. well-developed head appendages (jaws, tentacles and eyes)
136
Q

do Polychaetes in Phylum Annelida have sexes or same body sexes

A

separate sexes - Dioecious

137
Q

Earthworms are in

A

Phylum Annelida

138
Q

Earthworms in Phylum Annelida live

A

in freshwater or terrestrial

139
Q

COMPARE earthworms and Polychaetes of Phylum Annelida

A

earthworms
1. have few chaetae per segment
2. LACK parapodia

Polychaetes
1. have numerous chaetae per segment
2. have lateral, fleshy parapodia

140
Q

method of feeding in earthworms

A
  1. scavengers
141
Q

are earthworms hermaphroditic or dioecious

A

hermaphroditic

142
Q

leeches are in

A

Phylum Annelida

143
Q

leeches live in

A

freshwater but some in damp terrestrial

144
Q

how are leeches and earthworms similar

A

both have clitellum and are hermaphroditic

145
Q

clitellum function

A

swollen sack in which eggs are stored.

146
Q

function of chaetae

A

bristle, made of chitin that function in locomotion

147
Q

how are leeches different from BOTH earthworms and polychaetes

A

they lack chaetae

148
Q

what kind of feeders are leeches

A

ectoparasite blood feeders

149
Q

describes the suckers in leeches

A
  1. anterior sucker is reduced
  2. posterior sucker is conspicuous
150
Q

do leeches have eyes

A

yes

151
Q

are Phylum Porifera in the Eumetazoa lineages

A

NO

152
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Hydra: Medusozoan: Phylum Cnidaria: Eumetazoan: Metazoa

153
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Portuguese man of war: Phylum Cnidaria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

154
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Sea Anemone: Anthozoan: Phylum Cnidaria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

155
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Coral: Anthozoan: Phylum Cnidaria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

156
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

tapeworm: Phylum Platehelminthes: Lophotrochozoa: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: metazoa

157
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Rotifer: Phylum Rotifera: Lophotrochozoa: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

158
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Polyplacophora: Phylum Mollusca: Lophotrochozoa: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

159
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Gastropod: Phylum Mollusca: Lophotrochozoan: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

160
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Bivalvia: Phylum Mollusca: Lophotrochozoan: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

161
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Cephalopoda: Phylum Mollusca: Lophotrochozoan: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

162
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Polychaetes: Phylum Annelida: Lophotrochozoa: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

163
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Earthworms: Phylum Annelida: Lophotrochozoan: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

164
Q

least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Leeches: Phylum Annelida: Lophotrochozoan: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

165
Q

body symmetry in Porferia

A

radial or NONE

166
Q

body symmetry in Cnidaria

A

radial

167
Q

body symmetry Platyhelminthes

A

bilateral

168
Q

body symmetry in Rotifera

A

bilateral

169
Q

body symmetry in Mollusca

A

bilateral

170
Q

body symmetry in Annelida

A

bilateral

171
Q

number of body layers in Porifera

A

NONE

172
Q

number of body layers in Cnidaria

A

2

173
Q

number of body layers in Platyhelminthes

A

3

174
Q

number of body layers in rotifera

A

3

175
Q

number of body layers in Mollusca

A

3

176
Q

number of body layers in Annelida

A

3

177
Q

habitat of Porifera

A
  1. marine
  2. fresh
178
Q

habitat of Cnidaria

A
  1. marine
  2. fresh
179
Q

habitat of Platyhelminthes

A
  1. marine
  2. fresh
  3. terrest
180
Q

habitat of Rotifera

A
  1. Fresh
  2. SOME are marine and terrest
181
Q

habitat of Mollusca

A
  1. marine
  2. fresh
  3. terrest
182
Q

habitat of Annelida

A
  1. marine
  2. fresh
  3. terrest
183
Q

lifestyle of Porifera

A

sessile

184
Q

lifestyle of Cnidaria

A
  1. motile medusa
  2. sessile polyp
185
Q

lifestyle of Platyhelminthes

A
  1. free-living with many being parasitic
186
Q

lifestyle of Rotifera

A

free-living

187
Q

lifestyle of Mollusca

A

free-living

188
Q

lifestyle of Annelida

A

free-living

189
Q

specialized characters of Porifera

A

presence of choanocytes

190
Q

specialized characters of Cnidarians

A

Cnidocytes

191
Q

specialized characters of Platyhelminthes

A
  1. acoelomate
  2. dorsoventrally flattened
192
Q

specialized characters of Rotifera

A
  1. Pseudocoelomate
  2. Crown of cilia
193
Q

specialized characters of Mollusca

A
  1. eucoelomates
  2. body plan of
    - mantle
    - muscular foot
    -visceral mass
194
Q

specialized characters of Annelida

A
  1. eucoelomate
  2. segmented worms
195
Q
A

Discharges nematocyst

196
Q

1

A

hooks

197
Q

2

A

suckers

198
Q

3

A

scolex

199
Q

4

A

proglottids

200
Q

A

A

auricle

201
Q

B

A

anus

202
Q

C

A

gastrovascular cavity

Biology 1020 Lab (11 decks)

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