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Pre-Pharm > Lab Ex 31 Survey of the Plant Kingdom - Angiosperms > Flashcards

Lab Ex 31 Survey of the Plant Kingdom - Angiosperms Flashcards

1
Q

Vegetative structures

A

roots, stems, leaves

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2
Q

Reproductive structures

A

flowers, fruits, seeds

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3
Q

Characteristics of monocots

A

(1) 1 cotyledon per embryo (2) flower parts in sets of 3 (3) parallel venation in leaves (4) multiple rings of vascular bundles in stem (5) lack a true vascular cambrium (lateral meristem) (6) fibrous root system

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4
Q

Characteristics of dicots

A

(1) 2 cotyledons per embryo (2) flower parts in sets of 4 or 5 (3) reticulate/netted venation in leaves (4) 1 ring of vascular bundles or cylinder of vascular tissue in stem (5) have a true vascular cambium (lateral meristem) (6) tap root system

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5
Q

Peduncle

A

flower stalk

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6
Q

receptacle

A

the part of the flower stalk that bears the floral organs; located at the base of the flower; usually not large or noticeable

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7
Q

sepals

A

the lowermost or outermost whorls of structures, which are usually leaflike and protect the developing flower

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8
Q

calyx

A

sepals collectively constitute this

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9
Q

Corolla

A

petals of a flower

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10
Q

Petals

A

whorls of structures located inside and usually above the sepals; may be large and pigmented (insect-pollinated flowers) or inconspicuous (in wind-pollinated plants)

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11
Q

Androecium

A

the male portion of the plant that rises above and inside the petals; consists of stamens, each of which constitutes a filament, atop which is located an anther

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12
Q

Pollen grains

A

located inside the anthers; = microgametophytes and contain the male gametes

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13
Q

Gynoecium

A

female portion of the plant that rises above and inside the androecium; consists of 1 or more carpels, each made up of an ovary, style, and stigma; ovary contains the ovules that contain the megagametophyte (embryo sac) which contains the female gametes

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14
Q

Pistil

A

term sometimes used to refer to an individual carpel or a group of fused carpels

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15
Q

Regular flowers (radially symmetrical)

A

ex. tulips; members of the different whorls of the flower consist of similarly shaped parts that radiate from the center of the flower and are equidistant from each other

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16
Q

Irregular flowers (bilaterally symmetrical)

A

ex. snapdragons; one or more parts of at least 1 whorl are different from other parts of the same whorl

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17
Q

Generative nucleus

A

part of a pollen grain; usually small, spindle-shaped, and off center

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18
Q

Tube nucleus

A

part of a pollen grain; large, centered; AKA vegetative nucleus

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19
Q

Sporophyte (2n)

A

produces haploid spores by meiosis; large, mature organism within flowers you can easily recognize

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20
Q

Gametophyte (n)

A

each haploid spore develops into this by mitosis and cellular differentiation; pollen grain or embryo sac

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21
Q

Sporogenesis

A

production of spores in the sporophyte by meiosis is part of a larger process called this

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22
Q

Microspores & megaspores

A

2 types of spores produced by flowering plants

23
Q

Gametogenesis

A

production of gametes by the gametophytes

24
Q

Microsporogenesis

A

production of microspores within microsporangia of a flower’s anthers via meiosis of microspore mother cells (microsporocytes)

25
Q

Sperm nuclei

A

the generative nucleus will replicate to produce 2 of these

26
Q

Megasporogenesis

A

production of megaspores; occurs in the sporangia of the flower ovary by meiosis of megaspore mother cells (megasporocytes); undergo megagametogenesis (develop into megagametophytes)

27
Q

Ovule

A

megagametophyte and its surrounding tissues

28
Q

Integuments

A

ovules usually have 2 coverings called these

29
Q

Embryo sac

A

entire haploid structure; consists of 6-10 nuclei, one of which is an egg; 7-8 celled one of these is most common

30
Q

Synergid nuclei

A

2 of these are associated with fertilization in megasporogenesis

31
Q

Antipodal cells

A

usually do not participate in reproduction

32
Q

Polar nuclei

A

2 of these migrated from each pole of the megagametophyte

33
Q

Double fertilization

A

1 sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form the diploid (2N) zygote, and the other sperm fuses with the 2 polar nuclei to form a triploid (3N) nucleus; characteristic of angiosperms; triploid nucleus will give rise to the endosperm

34
Q

Seed

A

mature ovule that includes a seed coat, a food supply, and an embryo

35
Q

Proembyro stage

A

zygote divides to form a mass of cells called the embryo; initially the embryo consists of a basal cell, suspensor, and a 2-celled _____

36
Q

Suspensor

A

column of cells that pushes the embryo into the endosperm

37
Q

Globular stage

A

cell division of the proembyro leads to this stage that is radially symmetrical and has little internal cellular organization

38
Q

Heart-shaped stage

A

differential division of the globular stage produces bilateral symmetry and 2 cotyledons forming the ___ ____ embryo; enlarging cotyledons store digested food from the endosperm; tissue differentiation begins, and root and shoot meristems soon appear

39
Q

Torpedo stage

A

cotyledons and root axis soon elongate to produce an elongate ___ ____ embryo; procambial tissue appears and will later develop into vascular tissue

40
Q

Mature embryo

A

has large, bent cotyledons on each side of the stem apical meristem

41
Q

Radicle

A

forms the root; differentiated toward the suspensor; has a root apical meristem and root cap

42
Q

Hypocotyl

A

region between the apical meristem and the radicle

43
Q

Epicotyl

A

region between attachment of the cotyledons and the stem apical meristem; has not elongated in the mature embryo

44
Q

Micropyle

A

small opening on the surface of the seed through which the pollen tube grew

45
Q

Hilum

A

an adjacent, elliptical area at which the ovule was attached to the ovary

46
Q

Cotyledon

A

food for the embryo; scutellum

47
Q

Embryo with young root and shoot

A

develops into the new sporophyte

48
Q

Coleoptile

A

sheath enclosing shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia of grass embryos

49
Q

Coleorhiza

A

sheath enclosing embryonic root of grass embryo

50
Q

Fruit

A

mature, ripened ovary plus any associated tissue; contains seeds

51
Q

Pericarp

A

outer wall of a typical fruit; composed of exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp; within this are seeds, various partitions and placental tissues

52
Q

Simple fruits

A

fruits from a single ovary; if mostly ovary tissue, endocarp hard/stony (drupe); if mostly ovary tissue but endocarp is fleshy/slimy (berry); if flesh mostly of receptacle tissue (pome)

53
Q

Complex fruits

A

fruits from more than one ovary; many carpels on single flower (aggregate fruit - strawberry, raspberry); carpels of many flowers fused together (multiple fruit - pineapple)

54
Q

Dry fruits

A

fruits that split open at maturity (more than 1 seed) - legume, capsule; fruits that don’t split open (1 seed) - nut, samara, achene, caryopsis

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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