lab exam

Question 1

what was used as a natural colorimetric method for determining pH?

Answer 1

cabbage water

Question 2

2 colorimetric methods used for pH

Answer 2

cabbage water and thymol blue

Question 3

what substance was added to the unbuffered beaker?

Answer 3

calcium carbonate (0.1 g)

Question 4

what substance was added to the buffered beaker?

Answer 4

baking soda

Question 5

what substance is typically used to increase the acidity of a solution?

Answer 5

hydrochloric acid

Question 6

how was the pH measured in the buffered and unbuffered beaker?

Answer 6

pH meter - take cap off

Question 7

what is used to heat up solutions?

Answer 7

hot plate

Question 8

what do you do between each measurement of pH with a pH meter?

Answer 8

rinse it with distilled water

Question 9

what did the unbuffered/buffered procedure support?

Answer 9

that buffers accept hydrogen ions in order to resist a change in pH

Question 10

color spectrum of thymol blue

Answer 10

acidic - more red
basic - more blue

Question 11

color spectrum of cabbage water

Answer 11

acidic - more pink
basic - more blue/green

Question 12

homeostasis

Answer 12

maintaining a constant internal environment within cells

Question 13

internal pH of humans and other animals

Answer 13

about 7.2

Question 14

acidity (pH)

Answer 14

measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Question 15

p in pH

Answer 15

negative logarithm to the base 10

Question 16

H in pH

Answer 16

hydrogen ion concentration

Question 17

amphoteric

Answer 17

acting as either an acid or base
- water

Question 18

product of H+ and OH-

Answer 18

1.0 x 10^-14

Question 19

concentration of H+ in pH of 10

Answer 19

1.0 x 10^-10
OH - 1.0 x 10^-4

Question 20

examples of acidic substances

Answer 20

battery acid, lemon juice, vinegar, black coffee, hydrochloric acid

Question 21

examples of basic substances

Answer 21

baking soda, ammonia, bleach

Question 22

what do buffer solutions contain?

Answer 22

a weak acid and its salt

Question 23

different colorimetric methods for pH

Answer 23

litmus - red (acidic), blue (basic) - extracted from lichen
thymol blue

Question 24

molarity/molar concentration

Answer 24

concentration of solution
- number of moles of a substance/solute dissolved per liter of solution

Question 25

equation for molarity

Answer 25

concentration / molar mass

Question 26

molar volume

Answer 26

volume that one mole of a substance takes up at a particular temperature/pressure

Question 27

metabolism

Answer 27

sum total of chemical processes

Question 28

catabolism

Answer 28

breakdwon

Question 29

anabolism

Answer 29

synthesis and building up of molecules

Question 30

enzyme

Answer 30

biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reaction without being consumed

Question 31

activation energy

Answer 31

original input of energy necessary to initiate a reaction - lowered by enzymes

Question 32

factors on enzymatic activity

Answer 32

pH, concentration of substrate/enzymes, temperature, salinity

Question 33

human enzyme temperature preference

Answer 33

37 degrees Celsius

Question 34

optimal pH for enzymes

Answer 34

6-8

Question 35

catalase

Answer 35

enzyme present in almost all organisms exposed to oxygen - protects from oxidative damage - breaks hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

Question 36

bromelain

Answer 36

enzyme from pineapples

Question 37

what enzyme was used in lab?

Answer 37

catalase (in yeast)

Question 38

what substrate was used in lab?

Answer 38

hydrogen peroxide

Question 39

what happens when enzymes get too hot?

Answer 39

denatured, not much of a reaction

Question 40

which food had the most amount of catalase reaction?

Answer 40

carrot - yeast was slightly less

Question 41

what substances were used to create solutions of different pHs for testing catalase reactions?

Answer 41

soap solution, hydrogen peroxide - hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide - 5 mL of yeast then added

Question 42

what did higher concentrations of substrate and enzymes yield?

Answer 42

more enzymatic activity

Question 43

what vegetables were tested for enzymatic activity?

Answer 43

carrot, potato, cabbage - control group: yeast

Question 44

how was the amount of enzymatic activity determined?

Answer 44

measuring the amount of foam in cm

Question 45

objective lenses from lowest to highest

Answer 45

scanning (4x), low (10x), high (40x)

Question 46

equation for total magnification

Answer 46

objective magnification x ocular magnification

Question 47

how to images appear in the microscope

Answer 47

upside down and reversed left to right

Question 48

what unit was the field of view measured in

Answer 48

mm

Question 49

what were the different protozoans examined in lab?

Answer 49

spirostonum, volvox gloater, blepharisma, stentor coeruleus, didinium - didinium and paramecium caudata - chaos carolina and paramecium caudata

Question 50

spirostonum

Answer 50

long and snake-like, moved in circular motion

Question 51

volvox globator

Answer 51

round and yellow, was pregnant, rolling movement

Question 52

blepharisma

Answer 52

large and purple, moves quickly

Question 53

stentor coeruleus

Answer 53

long/comb-like when attached to algae, circular when not attached, floats in circles, green

Question 54

didinium

Answer 54

attaches to algae, moves quickly, light green

Question 55

does food coloring distribute more/faster in hot, room, or cold temperature water?

Answer 55

hot

Question 56

what dyes were used in the agar plate?

Answer 56

methylene blue, malachite green, potassium permanganate

Question 57

were dialysis bags or glove material more permeable?

Answer 57

dialysis bags

Question 58

what happened to the dialysis bag with higher concentrations of sucrose?

Answer 58

more water went in

Question 59

when does Lugol's solution turn blue

Answer 59

in the presence of starch

Question 60

what was the positive control in the diffusion spot plate?

Answer 60

NaOH (Thymol blue) and starch (Lugol's solution)

Question 61

what was the negative control in the diffusion spot plate?

Answer 61

tap water with Thymol (green/yellow/brown) and Lugol's (dark yellow/orange)

Question 62

what did adding the NaCl solution to the plant cells do?

Answer 62

initiate plasmolysis

Question 63

dialysis bag with NaOH and starch

Answer 63

external tap water had lots of NaOH and almost no starch - diffusion occurred

Question 64

glove bag with NaOH and starch

Answer 64

external tap water had no NaOH or starch - no diffusion occurred

Question 65

hypertonic solution

Answer 65

cell becomes crenated because water flow out of cell

Question 66

hypotonic solution

Answer 66

cell becomes lysed because water flows into cell

Question 67

diffusion of WATER in osmosis

Answer 67

high concentration of water to low concentration of water

Question 68

diffusion of water in regards to SOLUTES in osmosis

Answer 68

low concentration of solutes to high concentration of solutes

Question 69

what did lab 3 involve?

Answer 69

- enzymatic activity with pH and temperature - enzymatic activity with concentration of substrate and enzyme

Question 70

what did lab 4 involve?

Answer 70

microscopy of initials, onion slice, cheek cells, and threads

Question 71

what did lab 5 involve?

Answer 71

measurement of field of view, protozoans

Question 72

what did lab 6 involve?

Answer 72

diffusion - temperature, membrane, molecular weight

Question 73

what plants were observed with plasmolysis?

Answer 73

Elodea plant and red onion cell

Question 74

what is the limiting factor of a compound light microscope?

Answer 74

resolution - can't be used at a magnification greater than 2000X

Question 75

what type of sucrose was used in lab 6

Answer 75

60% sucrose