Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
which ventricle is thinker?
A
left
2
Q
which ventricle is squishier?
A
right
3
Q
where are the pectinate muscles?
A
in atrium
4
Q
where are the papillary muscles?
A
in ventricles
5
Q
where do the chordae tendinae attach?
A
to the AV valve
6
Q
where are moderator bands?
A
only in ventricles
7
Q
what does the interventricular septum do?
A
separates ventricles
8
Q
what is a segment?
A
flat region of ECG
9
Q
what is an interval?
A
segment + wave
10
Q
what is one heart beat length?
A
R to R
11
Q
what does the P wave do?
A
activate atria
12
Q
what does the QRS complex do?
A
activate ventricles
13
Q
what is the purpose of the T wave?
A
recovery wave
14
Q
what is the purpose of the chordae tendinae?
A
heart strings
connects the papillary muscle to the tricuspid valve
15
Q
how do the valve of the heart open and close?
A
heart muscles contract and relax
16
Q
what is the AV between?
A
upper and lower chambers
17
Q
where are the semilunar valves?
A
at base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery
18
Q
what is happening to the depolarization wave of the heart during the P-R segment?
A
action potential wave is moving through atria
19
Q
what is a normal resting heart rate for a human?
A
60-80bpm
20
Q
what branch of the ANS is responsible for increasing heart rate?
A
sympathetic
21
Q
what branch of the ANS is responsible for decreasing heart rate?
A
parasympathetic
22
Q
which wave on the ECG trace marks the onset of ventricular diastole?
A
end of T-wave
23
Q
what is auscultation?
A
to listen to the heart and study the types of sounds we hear
24
Q
what cause heart sounds?
A
the turbulence created in the blood flow when the various valves close
25
what is lub?
the sound you hear when the AV valve closes
26
what is dub?
the sound you hear when the semilunar valves close
27
when does systole occur?
ventricles R - T
28
when does diastole occur?
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
P wave
29
what does a stethoscope allow you to do?
allows you to listen to the four major auscultator areas of the chest
30
what is stenosis?
narrowing of valve
inhibits blood flow
-hear defect before heart sound
31
what is insufficiency?
blood leakage through a valve
| -hear after heart sound lub
32
what are the two components of blood pressure?
systolic pressure
| diastolic pressure
33
when does systolic pressure occur?
at ventricular systole
34
when does diastolic pressure occur?
during ventricular diastole
35
how do you calculate pulse pressure?
difference between the two values
| systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
36
how do you calculate mean blood pressure?
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
37
what is a sphygmomanometer?
cuff that wraps around one of the limbs
| measures blood pressure
38
how does a sphygmomanometer work?
cuff is connected to a mercury manometer that measures the pressure of the cuff
39
what are three methods to determine systolic pressure with a sphygmomanometer?
palpatory
oscillatory
auscultatory
40
what is the palpatory method?
1. find the radial pulse
2. when cuff is inflated the pulse will disappear
- arterial blood flow stops
3. slowly release the cuff pressure
4. blood flow will be restored and you can feel a faint pulse
- this equals systolic pressure
41
what is the oscillatory method?
1. closely watch the memory meniscus as the cuff is being released
2. a jumping motion will be detected in the meniscus as soon as systolic pressure is reached
3. this continues until diastolic pressure is reached and the jumping motion will then stop
42
what is the auscultatory method (most common method)?
1. place stethoscope on the distal artery below the cuff
2. listen for the turbulent blood flow
- happens when the artery is partially open
43
what kind of sounds do you hear for the auscultatory method?
Korotkoff sounds
44
what are the five phases of Korotkoff sounds?
1. fairly sharp thudding and increase in intensity
- for 10 mm Hg
2. becomes a soft murmur
- next 10 - 15 mm Hg
3. becomes louder again
- next 10 - 15 mm Hg
4. becomes muffled and reduced intensity
5. all sounds will cease
- next 5 mm Hg
45
what do you use to measure pulse pressure?
finger pulse diaphragm
46
what is a phonocardiogram?
cardio microphone
47
when does mitrial stenosis occur?
before lub
48
when does tricuspid insufficiency occur?
in between lub sound
49
when does aortic stenosis occur?
between lub and dub
50
when does pulmonary insufficiency occur?
after dub sound
51
when does dub occur?
T wave
52
when does lub occur?
QRS complex
53
what creates heart sounds?
contractions occur and the valves open and close
54
what is the cause of a pressure wave?
blood flow from contraction
55
why is pulse pressure delayed?
because it has to get from the heart to the finger
| -time
56
what happens to pulse rate when an individual goes from laying down to standing up?
pulse rate would increase when standing
57
what effect does gravity have on blood volume?
it would have to work harder on making the blood flow to the heart
58
what effect does gravity have on blood pressure?
it would increase
59
what are the major baroreceptors located in the body?
carotid sinus
| aorta/aortic arch
60
name a valvular heart murmur.
AV insufficiency
61
what are two ways you know you've hit systolic pressure when using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope?
the needle on the gage will bounce
| hear sounds louder
62
what are two ways you know you've hit diastolic pressure when using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope?
the needle on the gage would stop bouncing
| hear sounds softer
63
which valve causes the dub sound?
semilunar
64
which valve causes the lub sound?
AV
65
what is the major structural difference between semilunar and AV valve?
semilunar have cordena tendinae and AV valves do not
66
blood leaving the pulmonary vein enters what chamber of the heart?
left atrium
67
you note that the R-R interval takes .5 seconds, what is the heart rate for the individual?
60/.5 = 120 bpm
68
in the cardiac cycle there are electrical and mechanical events. which always occurs first?
electrical
69
define systole
contraction of the heart
70
define diastole
before contraction of the heart
| -relaxation
71
define hematology
the study of the formed elements of blood
72
what are the three categories of formed blood elements?
erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes
73
function of erythrocytes
carry oxygen
| -RBC
74
function of leukocytes
fight off antigens/pathogens
- -important for immune system
- WBC
75
function of thrombocytes
blood clotting
| -platelets
76
function of a hematocrit
measure red blood cells
| - also referred to as packed cell volume (PCV)
77
what happens to PCV during exercise?
increases to circulate to increase oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle
increase due to fluid shift out of blood vessels to aid in sweat production
78
what happens to total protein during exercise?
increase because loss of fluid due to sweat production
79
what does total protein measure?
the amount of protein in a plasma or serum sample
80
how many different types of WBCs are there?
5
81
what white blood cells would a health animal have?
neutrophils and lymphocytes
82
what instrument measures total protein?
refractometer
83
what does a neutrophil look like?
lobe shaped nucleus
| dark pink/purple
84
what do thrombocytes look like?
shards
| uneven cell
85
what do you need in order to have RBCs?
iron
86
what cells are in a buffy coat?
WBCs
87
what would make WBC count increase?
being sick
| they would increase to fight off antigens or pathogens
88
list RBC WBC and platelets in order from largest to smallest
RBC
WBC
platelets
89
which blood component is most prevalent?
RBC
90
which blood component is least prevalent?
WBC
91
what is the main function of the lung?
to transport and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of blood
92
what lobes are on the left side of the lung?
cranial and caudal
93
what lobes are on the right side of the lung?
cranial, middle and accessory
94
how many lobes does a cow have on the right side of its lung?
five
| the cranial lobe is divided into cranial and caudal parts
95
how many lobes does a horse have on the right side of its lung?
three
| middle lobe is missing
96
what is spirometry?
measure our lung volume and capacities
97
what is a spirometer?
device that consists of a bell float placed inside a water filled container
98
how does a spirometer work?
there is an air pocket below the bell float
the air pocket is connected to the exterior by a breathing tube
as the person breathes into the tube, air is added to the air pocket and the bell float rises
the float is connected to a scale and measures the person's lung volume and capacities
99
what do you need to add together to get vital capacity (VC)?
tidal volume (TV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
100
what happens to TV during exercise?
increases
| -higher oxygen demand
101
when does an animal reach maximized ventilation?
when TV = VC
102
what is forced expiratory volume (FEV)?
measure of the % of VC that is exhaled at various time intervals
103
how do you figure out minute ventilation?
respiratory rate (RR) x tidal volume (TV)
104
what is the average breathing rate?
12 bpm
105
how do you calculate IC?
TV + IRV
106
how do you calculate EC?
TV + ERV
107
how do you calculate EMV?
TV + RR
108
how do you figure out FVC?
place the "M" on the peak of inhalation and move the cursor to the maximal expiration
109
what affect does exercise have on expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes?
you need to be able to get more oxygen throughout your body faster so they would increase
110
lungs are not hollow, so how does air get into the lungs?
alveoli
| they are elastic and hollow
111
in order to find the minute volume, you need to multiply the TV by what?
RR
112
function of the kidney
filters blood and produces urine
113
what is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
114
what does a horses right kidney look like?
heart
115
what is special about a pig kidney?
it is not fused together on the inside
116
what is special about a cow kidney?
it has clumpy lobes and the outside is not fused together
117
what is the order for the structure of a kidney?
cortex - pyramid - papilla - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter
118
function of calyx
drainage
119
function of hilus
connection point
120
what is the blood supply pathway for the kidney?
1. renal artery
2. segmental artery
3. lobar artery
4. interlobar artery - beteween lobes
5. arcuate artery - base of pyramid
6. interlobular artery - branches into cortex
7. afferent arteriole
121
what is a normal urine color?
transparent yellow
122
what does it mean if urine is red?
there are RBCs in it
123
what does it mean if urine is brown?
there is bilirubin in it
124
what does it mean if urine is reddish brown?
there is hemoglobin or myoglobin in it
125
what is a normal clarity for urine?
clear
| -except horses
126
what does cloudy urine mean?
abnormal concentration of formed elements
127
what is a normal smell for urine?
slight ammonia smell
128
what does a strong ammonia smell in urine mean?
protein break down or bacteria
129
what does sweet smell in urine mean?
ketonuria
130
how do you detect urine concentration?
specific gravity
131
define specific gravity
the number of molecules plus their size
132
how do you measure specific gravity?
refractometer
133
how do you know if you have isosthenuria?
when specific gravity = 1.008 to 1.012
134
what causes an increase in urine pH?
bacterial infection
| urine retention in bladder
135
what causes a decrease in urine pH?
acidosis
starvation
fever
136
what is a normal urine pH for cat and dog?
5.5 - 7.5
137
what is a normal urine pH for a horse?
7 - 8.5
138
what is a normal urine pH for ruminant?
7.5 - 9
139
what structures of the kidney enter the hilus?
urter
| renal artery
140
what does metabolism need to function?
ATP
141
define anaerobic
phosphocreatine
glycolysis to lactic acid
short term
142
define aerobic
oxidative phosphorylation
| long term
143
how does exercise alter the endocrine system?
insulin would decrease because you do not want to be storing glucose during exercise
144
how does exercise alter respiration?
it increases
145
define Vo2
O2 consumption
146
define Vo2max
maximal rate of O2 consumption
147
how does exercise alter the cardiovascular system?
increase cardiac output (4-8x)
148
what does cardiac output equal?
heart rate x SV
149
what does MAP equal?
cardiac output x peripheral resistance
150
how does exercise alter thermoregulation?
increase
energy from metabolism is released as heat
-sweating
-cutaneous blood flow
151
how do you calculate the max HR for a human?
220 - age
152
what is the resting HR of a human?
60 - 80
153
what is the resting blood pressure for a human?
120/80
154
what is the mean blood pressure for a human?
93.3
155
what does exercising do to blood pressure?
increases it
156
what does diastolic change for blood pressure?
increases for anaerobic
| -therefore increases mean pressure
