Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
what are percentage solutions?
A
percentage = parts per 100 percent = (wt. of solute/wt. of solution) x 100
2
Q
what is in one mole?
A
6.02 x 10^23 molecules of a particular substance
3
Q
what is one molar?
A
one mole of a substance dissolved in 1 liter of solution
4
Q
what is molecular weight used for?
A
calculating molarity
5
Q
molarity =
A
mol/liter
6
Q
how do you get to milli molarity?
A
multiple by 1000
7
Q
what is an acid?
A
substance that dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+)
8
Q
what is an base?
A
substance that dissociates into hydroxyl ions (OH-)
9
Q
pH =
A
-log[H+]
10
Q
[H+] =
A
10-^pH
11
Q
what is a buffer?
A
substance that prevents a drastic pH change when acids or bases are added to a solution
12
Q
why do we want weak acids to form?
A
buffers
13
Q
what are the three major buffers in the body?
A
proteins
phosphates
bicarbonates
14
Q
which is the most important blood buffer?
A
bicarbonates
15
Q
what is the less abundant buffer?
A
phosphate
16
Q
what is the more abundant buffer?
A
proteins
17
Q
what two systems help regulate the bicarbonate system?
A
renal
respiratory
18
Q
what is a bar graph?
A
used when the independent variables are distinct entities
19
Q
what is a histogram?
A
used to quantify the distribution of one variable over a range of values
20
Q
what is a line graph?
A
used when the independent variable is a continuous phenomenon
21
Q
what is a scatter plot?
A
used to show the relationship between two variables
-best fit line
22
Q
what do cell membranes serve as?
A
barriers to the movement of substances into and out of cells
23
Q
why is the transportation of molecules and ions across cell membranes important?
A
homeostasis
24
Q
what are membranes mainly constructed of?
A
phospholipids
25
what are pores?
holes in the cell membrane
| -channel proteins
26
what is diffusion?
the random movement of molecules due to their internal kinetic energy
27
what is net diffusion?
particle results when there is a difference in concentration between two regions of a system
28
what is a concentration gradient?
particles will diffuse from the region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
-will continue until it reaches equilibrium
29
what is equilibrium?
when the concentration of the molecules is equal throughout the volume of the solution
30
what is Fick's Law of Diffusion?
describes the rate at which net diffusion occurs
31
what is osmosis?
the movement of water across a membrane in response to a solute concentration gradient
32
when does osmosis occur?
whenever a higher concentration of solute is separated from a lower concentration of solute by a membrane
-difficult for solute to cross the membrane
33
what happens if the solute can not cross the membrane?
the water moves across the membrane
34
what is osmotic pressure?
the force of water movement across the membrane
35
what does osmotic pressure depend on?
the number of particles in the solution
36
what is osmolality?
of particles/L solution
37
what is osmol/L?
M x #P/molecule
38
what is tonicity?
property of a solution in reference to a particular membrane
39
what is the normal osmotic pressure of most cells?
300 mOsM
40
what is isotonic?
any solution that contains an equal number of osmotically active particles as that produced by the cellular constituents
around 300
41
what is hypertonic?
a solution that exerts a greater osmotic pressure than the cell contents
above 300
shirks
42
what is hypotonic?
a solution that exerts a lower osmotic pressure than the cell contents
below 300
swell
43
back
dorsal
44
stomach
ventral
45
towards head
cranial
46
towards tail
caudal
47
towards nose
rostral
48
front leg
palmar
49
back leg
plantar
50
towards middle
medial
51
towards outside
lateral
52
towards sky
proximal
53
towards ground
distal
54
towards skin
superficial
55
more in muscle
deep
56
what are the three different body cavities?
cranial
thoracic
abdominal - pelvic
57
outer ear
pinnae
58
vibrissae
wiskers
59
nose
nares
60
teeth
incisors
61
what organ does a rat not have?
gal bladder
62
what colors are veins and where do they go?
veins are blue
| carry blood toward heart
63
what colors are arteries and where do they go?
arteries are red
| carry blood away from the heart
64
what are the three main sections to the brain?
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
65
what are fissures?
major grooves and folds in the brain
66
what is the longitudinal fissure?
separates left and right
67
what is the transverse fissure?
on the side of the brain
68
what is the lateral fissure?
where the cerebellum starts
69
what are the ridges on the brain called?
gyri
70
what are the small grooves and folds on the brain called?
sulci
| -central sulcus
71
what do sulci do?
separate the different lobes of the brain
72
what does the pituitary gland do?
controls many hormonal signals throughout the body
73
what does the pineal gland do?
regulates ovarian activity
| produces melatonin
74
what are the four lobes of the cerebrum?
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
75
what are the four different parts of the brain stem?
diencephalon
mesencephalon
pons
medulla oblongata
76
what are the two parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus
| hypothalamus
77
how many ventricles are there?
4
78
what is the 1st and 2nd ventricle?
corpus collasum
79
what is the 3rd ventricle?
thalamus & corpus collasum
80
what is the 4th ventricle?
brainstem
81
is there more gray or white in the spinal cord?
more white
82
is there more gray or white in the frontal lobe?
more gray
83
what does the white matter in the brain do?
sends information
| intragrating center
84
what does the gray matter in the brain do?
receives information
| processes information
85
what does the cerebellum do?
fine muscle movement
| -leafy like appearance
86
what does the thalamus do?
sifts out useless data
| -major relay center
87
what does the hypothalamus do?
```
controls most autonomic output
endocrine control
controls drives (rage, thirst, appetite)
```
88
what does the mesencephalon do?
controls eye movement
| relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes
89
what does the pons do?
coordination of breathing
| relay between cerebrum and cerebellum
90
what does the medulla oblongata do?
control of involuntary functions
| swallowing, breathing, vomiting
91
what does the corpus callosum do?
connects the left and the right side of the brain
92
what do the ventricles do?
produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
- creates chemical and physical protection
- reabsorbed through the arachnoid villi
93
what does the optic chiasma do?
points where the right and left optic nerves
| -white Y shape
94
what does the olfactory bulbs do?
early processing of olfactory input
95
what does the frontal lobe do?
fine muscle movement
social behaviors
gustatory cortex
96
what does the parietal lobe do?
somatic sensory cortex
| touch, skin pressure, temperature
97
what does the occipital lobe do?
controls sight
98
what does the temporal lobe do?
controls hearing
99
what do the relative weights of the various brain regions tell us about the function of the brain?
increase in weight, increase in information process and storage
100
why is the cerebral cortex folded to such a great extent?
to have more surface area and be able to process more information
101
what are some examples of a short bone?
carpal
| tarsal
102
what are some examples of a flat bone?
```
skull
ribs
pelvis
sternum
scapula
```
103
what are some examples of a sesamoid bone?
patella
proximal
distal
sesamoid bone
104
what are some examples of a irregular bone?
vertebra
| facial bones
105
what is the diaphysis?
long shaft
| -medullary cavity is in the diaphysis
106
what is the epiphysis?
end of the bone
107
what is the epiphyseal plate?
growth plate
108
what is the metaphysis?
joining point
109
what is the apophysis?
bumps on the bone
110
what is articular cartilage?
smooth layer
| -surface
111
what is the periosteum?
on the outside of the bone along the diaphysis around the medullary cavity
112
what is the endosteum?
inside of the bone around the medullary cavity
113
what is the medullary cavity?
marrow cavity
| -within diaphysis
114
what is the compact bone?
outer layer around the bone
hard
white
115
what is the cortex?
compact bone around the medullary cavity
116
what is the cancellous bone?
red marrow
| located in the epiphysis
117
cow vertebrae
C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd18-20
118
what are the steps of longitudinal bone growth?
1. originally cartilage
2. osteoblast replace cartilage with osteoid
3. plate pushes metaphysis and diaphysis apart
4. estrogen and testosterone speed up growth
119
what do ossification centers do?
add calcium
120
what is the hormone that speeds up growth?
IGF-1
121
what are the steps of diametrical bone growth?
increases the circumference
| continues to grow throughout the whole life
122
what are the two germinal layers required for longitudinal bone growth?
periosteum
| endosteum
123
what is a joint?
union of junction between two or more bones of the skeleton
124
what are fibrous or immovable joints?
little to no movement
| skull, pelvis
125
what are cartilaginous or slightly movable joints?
united by cartilage
minimally moveable
spinal column, ribs
126
what are synovial or freely moveable joints?
united by a joint capsule
can move freely
carpal, limbs
127
what bone structure is responsible for longitudinal bone growth?
epiphyseal plate
128
what cell types do periosteum and endosteum contain, and what are their differences?
osteoclast: break down
osteoblast: create
129
what are some characteristics of cancellous bone?
sponge like
found at end of medullary cavity
referred to as red marrow
the site of white and red blood cell production
130
what is yellow marrow composed of?
fat
| adipose tissue
131
what type of marrow is for younger animals?
more red
132
what type of marrow is for older animals?
more yellow
133
what does the skeletal muscle have?
millions of specialized cells
134
what does a motor unit consist of?
one motor neuron
| all the muscle fibers it innervates
135
what happens when the motor neuron stimulates the cells?
they will contract simultaneously
136
what controls the stimulation of motor units?
central nervous system
137
what are the requirements for a motor neuron?
- depends on force needed
- if greater force is needed more motor units will be activated, and threshold will determine when neurons are stimulated
138
what is asynchronous firing?
muscle AP length vs. muscle contraction length
if frequency of motor neurons AP increases...
-smooth contractions can occur
-tetanus can occur
-prevents fatigue
139
what is electromyography?
placing electrodes on the skin at either end of a muscle and monitor action potential activity within the muscle
140
what is a dynamometer?
measures force of grip/squeeze
141
what is the flexor carpi radial muscle?
located in forearm
flexes fingers
important for grip force
