Lab Exam 2- Lab 7

Question 1

being overweight or obese increases the risk of

Answer 1

several chronic diseases

Question 2

obesity

Answer 2

a complex, multifactorial disease involving the interaction of physiological, metabolic, genetic, social, cultural, and behavioral factors

Question 3

body composition

Answer 3

makeup of the body

Question 4

what is the information obtained from body composition used for

Answer 4

risk assessment
individualization of exercise Rx
evaluating interventional progress

Question 5

anthropometry

Answer 5

measurement of the body

Question 6

what measurements are used to assess components of the body

Answer 6

weight, height, and waist circumference

Question 7

BMI

Answer 7

uses height and weight measurements and is a measure of the ratio of body weight to height

BMI= body wieght (kg)/height (m2)

Question 8

how many categories is BMI divided into for adults

Answer 8

6
under weight
normal
over weight
obese class 1
obese class II
obese class III

Question 9

why is BMI not an adequate measurement of disease risk

Answer 9

because there is no way to determine the composition of the weight

Question 10

waist circumference

Answer 10

assess central obesity by measuring abdominal obesity and fat distribution and provides additional information to BMI

Question 11

fat located in the abdominal region (visceral fat) is associated with

Answer 11

a greater health risk than peripheral fat and is an independent risk predictor when BMI not markedly increased

Question 12

what measurement system should be used for assessments of obesity and monitoring efficacy of weight loss programs

Answer 12

waist circumference

Question 13

why is there so much error in assessing body composition

Answer 13

no direct in vivo method to measure the different components of the body

Question 14

any body composition technique performed on live humans is

Answer 14

indirect or doubly indirect

Question 15

indirect methods

Answer 15

derived from direct methods involving cadavers

Question 16

doubly indirect methods

Answer 16

derived from indirect methods

Question 17

as methods become further away from the direct method

Answer 17

there is greater error in the estimate

Question 18

body composition measurements may utilize what to make estimates

Answer 18

prediction equations

population specific & generalizable equations

Question 19

population specific equation

Answer 19

inaccurate if applied to individuals who differ in physical characteristics

Question 20

generalizable equation

Answer 20

developed from diverse, heterogenous samples, and account for differences in age, gender, sex, or ethnicity

Question 21

what equation does this lab use

Answer 21

the Siri equation

Question 22

Siri equation

Answer 22

predicts percent body fat, a generalizable equation

Question 23

individuals who are farther away from the average in physical characteristics can be

Answer 23

under or overestimated in terms of body fat percentage using the Siri equation

Question 24

skinfold measurements

Answer 24

performed using a quality skinfold caliper
assess % body fat with a SEE ~3.5%

Question 25

are skinfold measurements indirect or doubly indirect

Answer 25

doubly indirect - the equations used to predict body density from skinfolds are based on hydrostratic weighing, which is an indirect method that utilizes water displacement to estimate fat mass

Question 26

skin fold measurements are based on two primary assumptions

Answer 26

1) subcutaneous fat is directly proportional to total fat 2) the skin fold sites selected are representative of total body subcutaneous fat

Question 27

the proportion of subcutaneous to total body fat varies with

Answer 27

age sex race/ethnicity among other factors

Question 28

major limitations of skinfold analysis

Answer 28

technician training applicability of equations to the individual being tested skinfold site measurement accuracy measurement technique

Question 29

what is the SEE of skin fold measurements

Answer 29

3.5%

Question 30

bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

Answer 30

simple, inexpensive, quick, and non-invasive way to measure body composition based on idea that electrical current flows at different rates through the body depending on its compositions

Question 31

body is mostly composed of

Answer 31

water with ions, through which an electrical current can flow

Question 32

what else other than water with ions does the body contain

Answer 32

non-conducting materials (body fat) that provide resistance to the flow of the electrical current

Question 33

body fat causes what in BIA

Answer 33

a greater resistance (impedance) than fat-free mass and slows the rate at which the electrical current travels

Question 34

DEXA

Answer 34

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry uses X-ray scan to quantify the parameters of body composition

Question 35

DEXA quantifies body weight into three chemical components

Answer 35

lean soft tissue fat soft tissue bone

Question 36

why is the % body fat significantly higher in DEXA than anthropometric results?

Answer 36

because DEXA can measure subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, retroperitoneal and intramuscular fat

Question 37

bone mineral density scores (BMD)

Answer 37

measured as SD from the mean and include a t and z score

Question 38

t score

Answer 38

compares your bone density to the average bone density of young healthy adults of the same sex

Question 39

z score

Answer 39

compares your bone density to the average bone density of someone your same age, sex, and race/ethnicity

Question 40

the risk for bone fractures doubles with

Answer 40

every SD below normal in regards to BMD

Question 41

what is the accepted standard for interpretations of body fat %

Answer 41

there are NO accepted standards for % body fat and all methods of measurement are indirect or involve error

Question 42

is there a national standard for body fat %

Answer 42

no

Question 43

is there a national standard for BMI and waist circumfrence?

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

according to NHANES what is the recommended "health standard" for body fat percentage in both men and women

Answer 44

men-8-22% under 35 years old women- 20-35% under 35years old

Question 45

accuracy

Answer 45

how close a measured value is to the true value

Question 46

precision

Answer 46

how close measured values are to each other

Question 47

bias

Answer 47

whether there are systematic differences between measured and true values

Question 48

athlete triad

Answer 48

recognized by ACSM as a syndrome of three interrelated conditions that include low energy availability, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, or hypogonadic hypogonadism, and osteoperosis

Question 49

energy availability (EA)

Answer 49

(dietary intake-exercise EE)/FFM expressed in kcal/kg

Question 50

the cutoff at EA at which negative health consequences occur

Answer 50

varies within individuals but studies where EA has been manipulated show deleterious effects with EA less than 30kcal/kg FFM/day

Question 51

how many sites are used for skin fold measurements

Answer 51

7

Question 52

body mass index is indicative of

Answer 52

body size

Question 53

waist circumference is indicative of

Answer 53

body fatness

Question 54

upper body obesity is aka

Answer 54

android - fat in abdominal area greater health risk

Question 55

lower body obesity is aka

Answer 55

gynoid - fat in hips and thighs lower health risk

Question 56

DEXA assessment is what type of measurement

Answer 56

indirect

Question 57

skin fold and BIA are what type of measurement

Answer 57

doubly indrect

Question 58

osteoporosis risk factors

Answer 58

ACCESS alcohol use corticosteroid use calcium low estrogen low smoking sedentary lifestyle