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Exercise Physiology Lab > Lab Exam 2- Lab 9 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2- Lab 9 Flashcards

1
Q

thermoregulation

A

physiological or behavioral responses by which organisms regulate body temperature

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2
Q

organisms are classified as either

A

endotherms or ectotherms based on how they primarily regulate body tempertaure

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3
Q

endothermic species

A

mammals
warm their tissues from metabolic heat production

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4
Q

ectothermic species

A

reptiles and amphibians
depend on external environment for warming

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5
Q

what range in temperature causes fatal consequences

A

reductions of core body temp 10C
elevations of core body temp 5C

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6
Q

there is a thermal gradient from

A

deep body temp (core) to shell (skin) temperature

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7
Q

core temperature

A

temperature that is often measured by clinicians and researchers via rectal, oral, axillary, tympanic, or temporal temps or esophageal/GI temps

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8
Q

esophageal temperature

A

measured by inserting thermistor through the nose into the esophagus

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9
Q

GI temperature

A

measured using ingestible pill sensor

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10
Q

normal core body temperature

A

around 37C or 98.6F with variations in men and women

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11
Q

what causes variations in core body temp in men and women

A

circadian variation in men and women
menstrual phase in females

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12
Q

stage one hypothermia

A

at or below a core temp of 35C

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13
Q

signs of hypothermia

A

sever shivering, loss of limb movement, blueness of skin, confusion

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14
Q

what core body temp elicits a medical emergency

A

at or below 32C
causes hallucinations, delirium, and excessive sleepiness

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15
Q

what happens at core body temps 24-26

A

respiratory or cardiac arrest may occur
may become comatose
death

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16
Q

physiological responses to increases in core temp

A

increases in sweatrate, HR, and breathing rate
nausea, dizziness, weakness, and fainting may occur

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17
Q

what happens at core body temps that exceed 40C

A

heat exhaustion and heat stroke and death 45C

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18
Q

convection

A

body heat is lost to surrounding air, which becomes warmer, rises and is replaced with cooler air

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19
Q

radiation

A

body heat is lost to nearby objects without physically touching them

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20
Q

conduction

A

body heat is lost to nearby objects through direct physical touch

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21
Q

evaporation

A

body heat causes perspiration, which is lost from the body surface when changed from liquid to vapor

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22
Q

mechanisms of heat transfer

A

convection
conduction
radiation
evaporation
respiration

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23
Q

mechanisms of heat transfer during exercise are dependent on

A

external environment

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24
Q

if the environment is cooler than the body

A

heat will be lost from the body via radiation, conduction, and convection

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25
Q

as environmental temperature increases

A

heat loss via mechanisms decreases and the importance of evaporative heat loss increases

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26
Q

as environmental temperature exceeds body temperature

A

the thermal gradient for conduction, convection, and radiation is reversed and the body gains head through these mechanisms and EVAPORATION is the ONLY mechanism for heat loss

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27
Q

capacity for evaporative heat loss is affected by

A

the environment, primarily humidity and ambient temperature

28
Q

as humidity and ambient temperature increase

A

the maximal capacity for evaporative heat loss decreases

29
Q

when humidity is near 100% and ambient temperature is 30C +, what happens to evaporative heat loss

A

evaporative heat loss is minimal

30
Q

wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index

A

tells us whether a given environment is safe or dangerous
includes measurements of air temp (Td), the temp of the wet bulb (Tw), and the temp of the black globe (Tg)

31
Q

wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) equation

A

WBGT= 0.7(Tw)+0.2(Tg)+0.1(Td)

32
Q

Tw

A

the temperature of the wet bulb
influenced by level of humidity

33
Q

Tg

A

temperature of black globe
measures radiant heat

34
Q

Td

A

actual ambient air temperature
indicated by dry bulb

35
Q

what happens to most energy transformation during metabolism

A

lost as heat

36
Q

heat produced that is not lost is

A

stored in body tissues and will raise body temperature

37
Q

body heat gain during exercise equation

A

heat produced - heat loss

38
Q

specific heat of the body

A

amount of heat required to raise body temperature by 1C

39
Q

specific heat in humans

A

0.83 kcal/kg body mass

40
Q

heat required to raise body temp 1C equation

A

=0.83 (x) body mass

41
Q

exercise does what to sweat rate

A

increases

42
Q

effects of exercise and heat stress

A

exacerbates sweat loss

43
Q

the increase in sweat rate and sweat loss during exercise results in

A

dehydration and reductions in plasma volume

44
Q

dehydration

A

the loss of body water

45
Q

changes in plasma volume are influenced by

A

alterations in total body water AND the distribution of water between intravascular, interstitial, and intercellular compartments

46
Q

body water loss during exercise can occur through these four mechnisms

A

sweat loss
metabolic mass loss (MML)
respiratory water loss (RW)
urinary water loss (UWL)

47
Q

sweat loss

A

responsible for most water loss
sometimes estimated from body mass alone (if a subject loses 1 kg of body mass for 1 hour of exercise they lost 1000 mL of sweat)

48
Q

metabolic mass loss (MML)

A

results from O2/CO2 exchange

49
Q

MML equation

A

VO2STPD x [((44*RER)-32)/22.4]

50
Q

respiratory water loss (RWL)

A

results from ventilation

51
Q

RWL equation

A

RWL= (0.019VO2STPD)(44-PH2O)

52
Q

urinary water loss (UWL) equation

A

(urine volume/exercise duration)*density of water (1g/1mL)

53
Q

sweat loss equation

A

sweat loss = total body mass loss - MML - RWL -UWL

54
Q

heat stress effects on endurance performance

A

impairs endurance performance
@ a constant absolute intensity, time to exhaustion is shortened
race pace lowered in time trials

55
Q

potential mechanisms that reduce performance in heat

A

high core and brain temps may reduce neuromuscular drive

attainment of core body temp ~40C results in central fatigue and impairments in performance

CV instability is the primary mechanism impairing endurance performance in the heat

heat stress elevates HR, decreases SV, leads to restrictions in plasma and blood volume

accelerated glycogenolysis and free radical production

56
Q

main reduction in endurance performance under heat stress is due to

A

exercise duration
intensity
environmental conditions
heat acclimatization status

57
Q

acclimatization

A

adaptations resulting from changes in the natural environment

58
Q

acclimation

A

adaptations resulting from exposures produced in a controlled lab setting

59
Q

how much time does it take for regular bouts of exercise in hot environment promote acclimation/acclimitization

A

7-14 days

60
Q

physiological effects of heat acclimatization/acclimation

A

increase in plasma volume, earlier onset sweating, higher sweat rate, reduced salt loss in swear, reduced skin blood flow, and increased synthesis of HSP

which lead to reduced HR and lower core body temperature during exercise

61
Q

effects of increase in plasma volume with acclimatization/acclimation

A

increases sweating capacity, SV, maintains blood volume, and allows body to store more heat without an increase in core temp

62
Q

benefits of an earlier onset of sweating that comes with acclimation/acclimitization

A

allows the body to dissipate heat more quickly and reduce heat storage

63
Q

benefits of reduced sodium loss in sweat during acclimation/acclimatization

A

minimizes the electrolyte loss that occurs during exercise

64
Q

when are HSP synthesized

A

in response to stress and protect cells from heat damage

65
Q

benefits of increased synthesis of HSP

A

increases stress protection to cells

66
Q

procedure of lab

A

subject cycles for 40 minutes at workload near lactate threshold (~1-2.5 W/kg)
stopped when volitional fatigue or core body temp 39.5C

Exercise Physiology Lab (11 decks)

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