Lab Exam 2- Lab 8

Question 1

what is the best overall indicator of cardiorespiratory function

Answer 1

VO2 max

Question 2

what provides a more sensitive measurement of changes in cardiorespiratory function

Answer 2

cardiac and hemodynamic assessments (BP)

Question 3

common measurements for all GXT procedures include

Answer 3

cardiac electrical conduction through 12 lead ECGs
RPE
O2 consumption
BP

Question 4

what is one of the most valuable and convenient indicators of CV health

Answer 4

BP

Question 5

how many americans have high blood pressure

Answer 5

one third of Americans have hypertension which can be present without symptoms

Question 6

blood pressure is recorded as

Answer 6

a ratio of systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
BP= sBP/dBP

Question 7

systolic blood pressure

Answer 7

the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts

Question 8

diastolic pressure

Answer 8

the pressure in the arteries when the heart is filling in between beats

Question 9

pulse pressure (PP)

Answer 9

the difference between diastolic and systolic pressures
PP= sBP-dBP

Question 10

healthy blood pressure is defined as

Answer 10

less than 120/80 mmHg

Question 11

as we age what happens to blood pressure

Answer 11

BP rises steadily with age due to arterial stiffness and plaque buildup

Question 12

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Answer 12

the average pressure in the arteries during a cardiac cycle

Question 13

importance of MAP

Answer 13

determines the rate of blood flow through vasculature

Question 14

how to calculate MAP at rest

Answer 14

1/3 PP + dBP

Question 15

why is MAP calculated the way it is

Answer 15

because the heart is in diastole (relaxation) for 2/3 of the cardiac cycle AT REST** meaning it is not accurate during exercise because the heart is in SYSTOLE the majority of the time compared to rest

Question 16

how is MAP determined centrally

Answer 16

by cardiac output (Q)

Question 17

how is MAP calculated peripherally

Answer 17

via TPR or total peripheral resistance

MAP = Q*TPR

Question 18

TPR

Answer 18

the sum of the resistance of blood flow in the vasculature

Question 19

blood pressure is influenced by

Answer 19

anything that influences Q and TPR and increasing ANY of these variables will increase BP

Question 20

why does BP increase during exercise

Answer 20

due to a large increase in Q

Question 21

how does Q increase during exercise

Answer 21

elevated HR and LVR contractility as a result of SNS + increased venous return (preload)

Question 22

MAP refers to

Answer 22

afterload and is a barrier to the ejection of blood from the ventricles

Question 23

if you have a higher afterload what happens to SV

Answer 23

increases because SV must increase more than BP to pump blood to the body

Question 24

what helps reduce the effects of increased afterload after exercise

Answer 24

vasodilation of the arterioles supplying the blood to the active muscles

Question 25

net effect of exercise on BP

Answer 25

increase in systolic BP due to increased Q and no change in dBP due to vasodilation

Question 26

aerobic exercise training effects on BP

Answer 26

decreases resting and submaximal exercise BP and decreases TPR (vascular tone)

Question 27

what happens to BP at maximal exercise

Answer 27

dBP changes sBP and MAP do not change

Question 28

does weight loss have favorable or unfavorable influences on BP

Answer 28

favorable

Question 29

benefits of performing GXT

Answer 29

powerful predictive and diagnostic capabilities useful for testing different things in different individuals extending medical history and physical evaluating exertional discomfort evaluating hidden CHD identifying risk in patients with known CVD Rx exercise

Question 30

prior to GXT subjects are classified into 3 risk categories based on

Answer 30

age known disease risk factors categories are low, medium, and high

Question 31

when can the GXT be stopped

Answer 31

at a predetermined point (%HRmax) or point of volitional exhaustion chest pain/breathlessness

Question 32

relative criteria for stopping GXT

Answer 32

subjects discretion

Question 33

absolute criteria for stopping GXT

Answer 33

always stopped

Question 34

ECG and BP abnormalities during an exercise test may be indicative of or predictive of

Answer 34

CAD and suggest need for further testing

Question 35

changes in cardiac function during GXT

Answer 35

linear increase in HR to max linear increase in SV until a certain intensity

Question 36

when does SV plateau in untrained individuals

Answer 36

approx 50%

Question 37

when does SV plateau in trained individuals

Answer 37

at higher than 50% intensities and may not ever plateau in elite athletes

Question 38

what happens to Q during GXT

Answer 38

Q increases greatly at first and less as SV plateaus

Question 39

ECG

Answer 39

electrocardiogram an indicator of the hearts ability to function normally under increased myocardial O2 demand

Question 40

what is normal and can be seen in reduced RR intervals and minor QRS complex and P wave changes

Answer 40

altered AP duration, conduction velocity and contractile velocity associated with an increase in HR during exercise

Question 41

arrhythmias not present at rest can be present during

Answer 41

execise as conduction disturbances and myocardial ischemia (reduced blood flow)

Question 42

most common sign of myocardial ischemia during GXT is

Answer 42

ST segment depression

Question 43

central feature of GXT is

Answer 43

functional exercise capacity since VO2 is the best predictor of CV function

Question 44

prognostic capabilities of GXT are defined by normal and abnormal cardiac and hemodynamic changes . what is considered normal

Answer 44

achieve >80% predicted HRR sBP increases 5 mmHg per MET HRrecovery decreases 12 bpm in 1 minute 3 min post exercise sBP <90%max sBP normal cardiac rythyms

Question 45

prognostic capabilities of GXT are defined by normal and abnormal cardiac and hemodynamic changes . what is considered abnormal

Answer 45

achieve <80% predicted HRR slow increase or sudden decrease in sBP sBP >250 mmHg or increases >140 mmHg from rest dBP increases more than 10mmHg dysrhythmias, ST segment depression or elevation

Question 46

BP measurement positions

Answer 46

one standing and one sitting

Question 47

how to measure BP

Answer 47

seated position wrap cuff over brachial artery inflate cuff to no more than 200 mmHg slowly release until you hear Kortokoff sound (sBP) continue releasing until sound disappears (dBP)