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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Lab Exam 2: List of Structures Study Guide > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2: List of Structures Study Guide Flashcards

To learn the structures of the cells and the types of tissues in the body (117 cards)

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1
Q

what is an epithelial tissue

A

the epithelial tissue forms boundaries between different environments, proteins, secretes, absorbs and filters

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2
Q

if the tissue has more than one layer it is

A

stratified

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3
Q

If the tissue has only one layer it is

A

simple

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4
Q

If the cell is flat and parallel to the basal layer it is

A

squamous

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5
Q

if the cell has a round nucleus on the basal layer it is

A

cuboidal

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6
Q

if the cell is tall with a tall nuclei it is

A

columnar

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7
Q

where can you see epithelial tissues

A

the skin, lining of the small intestine, large intestine, esophagus, and stomach

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of epithelial cells

A

sells have polarity, apical (upper, free), and basal (lower, attached) surfaces.
they are all composed of closely packed cells
they are supported by connective tissue reticular terminal (under the basal lamina)
No blood vessels but there are nerves and nerve endings
they have a high rate of regeneration

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9
Q

what is the function of a simple Squamous ET

A

allows materials to pass through them by diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances because they are so thin

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10
Q

what is the location of a simple squamous ET

A

the sir sacs of the lungs, the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

what is histology

A

the microscopic study if tissues

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12
Q

what does a simple squamous ET look like

A

thin layers of cells that look like string, it is one parallel line of cells to the basal layer and they have many spaces between the different lines called alveoli space between them.

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13
Q

what is simple cuboidal ET

A

this is a round nucleus in one line of cells parallel to the basal layer

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14
Q

where is the sample cuboidal ET located

A

in ducts, and secretory portions of small glands in kidney tubules

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15
Q

what are the functions of the cuboidal ET

A

to secrete and absorb

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16
Q

what is a simple columnar ET (ciliated)

A

this has one layer of tall cells on the basal layer (some have cilia on top which helps to move substances through the body across the cells)

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17
Q

where is the simple columnar ET located

A

ciliated tissues in the bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus; smooth (nonciliated tissues) in the digestive tract and bladder

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18
Q

what is the function of the simple columnar ET

A

to absorb; it also secretes mucus and enzymes

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19
Q

what does stratified mean

A

more than one layer of cells above the basal layer

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20
Q

what does simple mean

A

only one layer of cells above the basal layer

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21
Q

what is the pseudostratified columnar ET look like

A

it looks like there are many layers because the nucleus are in different levels with cilia on top

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22
Q

what does the simple cuboidal ET look like

A

they are circular and they surround the lumen, with circular nuclei

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23
Q

what does the simple columnar ET look like

A

tall and have tall nuclei, some have cilia on the top that can help them move pathogens and other things out of the body that are unwanted

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24
Q

what is the function of the psuedostratified ET

A

to secrete mucous; ciliated tissue moves mucus and helps foreign objects move out of the body

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25
where is the pseudostratified ET
located in ciliated tide that lines the trachea, and much of the upper respretyoy tract
26
what is a stratified squamous ET
It is multiple layers of simple squamous ET cells on the basal layer, and it is important to only look at the top layer to tell this. They are very thick, this is so that they can protect against abrasion
27
what does a stratified squamous ET look like
it is thick layers of cells that have oval nuclei, the top layer may be covered with dead cells filled with keratin
28
where are stratified squamous ET located
lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina
29
what is the function of stratified Squamous ET
to protect against abrasion
30
what is it called when the top layer of a cell has dead cells filled with keratin on it
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (this is the thin top layer of human skin)
31
what body cavity linings don't have the keratinizes stratified squamous epithelium
the lining of the mouth, vagina, eyes, and rectum
32
what two ET are quite rare in the body
stratified cuboidal epithelium, and the stratified columnar epithelium
33
what is the function of the stratified cuboidal epithelium
to function as a protective tissue
34
where is the stratified cuboidal epithelium located
sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands
35
what is the function of the stratifies columnar epithelium
secrete and protect
36
where is the stratified columnar epithelium located
male urethura, and the ducts of some glands
37
what is the transitional epithelium
it has no uniform shape, no cilia, and it has many layers of cells of all shapes and sizes
37
what does the transitional epithelium look like
a jumble of cells on the outside of the cell
38
what is the location of the transitional epithelium
lines the bladder, urethura, and ureters
39
what is the function of the transitional epithelium
allows stretchy organs to expand and stretch
40
what is a connective tissue
it is the most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue in the body
41
what are the major functions of connective tissues
building and support, protection, insulation, and transportation (blood)
42
what are the connective tissue cell types
mitotically active and secretory cells that end in "blasts", and mature cells that end in "cytes"
43
what are the classes of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper, supportive connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue
44
what are the types of connective tissue proper
loose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue
45
what are the types of supportive connective tissue
cartilage and bone
46
what are the types of the fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
47
what are the types of the loose connective tissue, under connective tissue proper
Areolar, Adipose, and Reticular
48
what are the types of dense connective tissue under connective tissue proper
regular elastic and irregular elastic
49
all connective tissue proper cells are
separated by a nonliving extra cellular matrix made of ground substance and fibers
50
what are the three types of fibers
collagen, elastic, and reticular
51
what does the collagen fiber do
this is the strongest and most abundant fiber in the body, it is thick and long, and vert strong, and it provides high tensile strength
52
what does the elastin fiber do
this is made up of long and thin elastin fibers as well as neutrons of long thin elastin fibers that allow for stretch
53
what does the reticular fiber do
this is the weakest type of fiber, it is short and fine, and highly branched collagenous fibers
54
what does the areolar connective tissue look like
this is a long and wide
55
what is the areolar connective tissue
it is a Gell - like matrix with all three fiber types and containing fibroblast, mirophanges, mast, and some white blood cells
56
what is the function of the areolar connective tissue
it wraps and cushions organs; its microphanges phagocytize bacteria; it plays an important parti in inflammation holds and coveys tissue fluids
57
where is the areolar connective tissue located
widely distributing under epithelia of the body, and forms lamina propria of the mucus membrane, and packages organs, and surrounds capillaries
58
what is the reticular connective tissue
this is one type of cells, and one type of tissues. it is a network of reticular fibers and reticular cells that lie on the network
59
what is the function of the rectilcuar connective tissue
fibers from soft internal skeleton (the storm) that supports the other cell types including mast cells, white blood cells, and macrophages. it also helps soft organs keep their soft structure
60
where are reticular connective tissues located
un the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen (the lymphoid organs)
61
what is adipose connective tissue
this is closely packed adipocytes (or fat cells), and they have a nucleus that is pushed to the side by a large fat droplet. they look empty because they store things
62
what is the function of adipose connective tissue
to provide a reserve of food fuel, it insulates against heat loss, and it supports and protects organs
63
what is the location of adipose connective tissue
it is under the skin in the hypodermics, around the kidneys, and eyeballs, within the abdomen, and in breasts
64
what is Dense regular connective tissue
it primarily is parallel collagen fibers, a few elastic fibers, and the major cell type is in the fibroblast
65
what is the function of the dense regular connective tissue
it attaches muscle to the bone or to miscues, bones to bones
66
what is the location of the dense regular connective tissues
tendons (muscles to bones) and ligaments (bone to bone)
67
what is dense irregular connective tissues
irregularly arranges collagen fibers, the major cell type is fibroblast
68
what is the main function of the irregular connective tissue
to be able to withstand tension exerted in many directions, and provide structural strength
69
what is the location of irregular connective tissues
fibrous capsules of organs and joints, the dermis of the skin, and the sumbocorsa of the digestive tract
70
what is hyaline cartilage
it provides support with some flexibility
71
what structures in the body contain Hyaline cartilage
cartilage in the nose, articular cartilage of a joint, costal cartilage, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage
72
what does hyaline cartilage look like
it sits in clusters with no visible fibers
73
what Is elastic cartilage
it provides firm but elastic support
74
what structures in the body have elastic cartilage
the epiglottis, and the cartilage in the ear
75
what does elastic cartilage look like
clusters of cells with visible fibers on them
76
what is bone tissue
hard, calcified metric containing many collagen fibers, osteocytes, lie in lucitane and are not vascularized but have blood cells
77
what is the function of bone tissue
supports and protects, provides levers for muscles to act on, stores calcium and other minerals and fats, and is the cite of blood cell formation
78
what is the location of bone tissue
bones
79
blood
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
80
what is the function of blood
the transport of respiratory gasses, nutrience, wastes, and other substances
81
what is the location of blood
contained within the blood vessels and the heart
82
what is the difference between connective and epithelial tissues
epithelial tissue is composed of epithelial cells and a small amount of cellular work while the connective tissue is composed of different cells and a larger amount of the extracellular matrix
83
what is smooth muscle tissue
cells that have a single nucleus and no visible separations
84
what do short muscle tissue cells look like
they are short spindled, no evident striation, single nucleus in each fiber
85
where are smooth muscle tissues located
in the walls of major organs
86
what is the function of smooth muscle tissues
involuntary movement, moves food, involuntary control of reparation, moves secretions, regulates flow of the blood in arteries by contracting
87
what is skeletal muscle
cells that have a prominent striation and nucleoli in their periphery
88
what do skeletal muscles look like
they are long cylindrical fibers, striated, and many periphery located nuclei
89
what is the function of skeletal muscles
voluntary movement, producing heat, and protecting organs
90
what is the location of skeletal muscles
attached to bones and around entrance points to the body like the mouth and the anus
91
what is the cardiac muscle tissue
short branched striated with a single cell nuclei
92
what is the function of the cardiac muscle
to contract and pump blood
93
what is nervous tissue
neurons that are branching cells, and cell processes extend from the cell body
94
what is the function of nervous tissue
to transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity
95
what is the location of nervous tissue
the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
96
what two types is Extracellular fluid made out of
1. fluid inside of our blood vessels, blood plasma 2. intersectional fluid, is fluid between the cells
97
what does the plasma membrane do doe the intravascular fluid
the cell membrane separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid
98
what does cilia do
provides the forces nessicary to transport foreign materials in the respiratory system to the mouth to be swallowed or expelled
99
what does flagea do
move bacteria out of the body
100
chromatin
mixture of proteins and DNA that form the chromosomes formed in the cells of humans
101
nuclear envalope
what encloses the nucleus
102
nucleus
where all the genetic information is kept in the cell
103
plasma membrane
the outer lining of the cell that is made up of a phospholipid bilayer
104
smooth ER
tubules arranged in a looping network synthesizing phospholipids and steroid hormones
105
rough ER
manufactures proteins destined for the cell membrane or export from the cell
106
cytosol
jelly - like substance inside the cell that provides a medium for the organelles inside the cell
107
lysosome
spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
108
mitochondrion
provide cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
109
microivili
fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
110
microfilament
two twisted amino acid chains, thinner cytoskeleton filament
111
microtubule
composed of tubin, resist cell compression and position organelles
112
peroxisome
membranous sacs containing powerful oxidizes and catalyzes to detoxify
113
Golgi apparatus
package, and send or modify products from the rough ER
114
ribosomes
make proteins
115
endocytosis
the material to be internalized is surrounded by a portion of the plasma membrane which buds off inside the cell forming a vesicle containing the ingested material
116
exocytosis
the process by which the contence of a vacuole from the inside of the cell is released outside the cell

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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