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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Lecture Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

To master chapters 1 and 2 from the first week of lectures (126 cards)

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1
Q

What is Anatomy

A

Anatomy is the study of structures in the human body, it describes the human body what parts it has, and where those parts are located

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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of Anatomy

A

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy, and Developmental Anatomy

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3
Q

What is Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

A

This is the study of the structures of the body that we can see with our own eyes that are visible without magnification (Macro - large)

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4
Q

What are the types of Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy, and what are they used for

A

Regional Anatomy (Where things are on the body regionally), and Systemic Anatomy (Body systems)

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5
Q

What is Microscopic Anatomy

A

The study of Anatomy using a microscope

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6
Q

What are the types of Microscopic Anatomy, and what are they used for

A

Cytology (used to see the cells, how they are born, and how they die), and histology (used to see the different tissues)

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7
Q

What is Developmental Anatomy

A

The study of the human body as it goes through its life cycle and grows and develops

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8
Q

what is one type of developmental anatomy, and what is it used for

A

embryology (the study of the embryo only)

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9
Q

What is Physiology

A

The study of function at many levels, how the structures work together to preform a certain function of the body, this centers around the body tendency towards homeostasis

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10
Q

How are the divisions of Physiology separated

A

They are separated by organ system

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11
Q

What is the principle of complimentary

A

The principle of complementary is the idea that Anatomy and Physiology is inseparable, and that the function (Physiology), always reflects structure (Anatomy), and that what a structure can do depends on its specific form

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12
Q

What is the correct level of organization from smallest to largest

A

starting from smallest, Chemical, Cellular, Tissues, Organ, Organ systems, and Organismal the largest

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13
Q

chemical

A

atoms and molecules

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14
Q

cellular

A

cells and their organelles

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15
Q

tissues

A

groups of smaller cells

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16
Q

Organs

A

contain two or more types of tissues

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17
Q

Organ systems

A

are organs that work closely together

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18
Q

Organismal

A

all organ systems

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19
Q

What does the integumentary system do

A

it encloses all internal body structures, and it is the cite of many sensory receptors

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20
Q

what are major organs in the integumentary system

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails

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21
Q

What does the skeletal system do

A

it supports the body, and enables movement with the muscular system

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22
Q

What are major organs in the skeletal system

A

cartilage, joints, and bones

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23
Q

what does the muscular system do

A

it enables movement with the skeletal system and helps the body maintain temperature (when we use our muscles we increase our body temp)

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24
Q

What does the nervous system do

A

it detects and processes sensory information, and activates body responses

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25
What major organs are in the muscular system
skeletal muscles and tendons
26
What major organs are in the nervous system
the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
27
what does the endocrine system do
secretes hormones, and regulates bodily processes
28
what major organs make up the endocrine system
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, testes, and ovaries
29
what does the cardiovascular system do
delivers oxygen and nutrient to tissue, and equalizes temperature in the body
30
what major organs are in the cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels, arteries, veins, and capillaries
31
what does the lymphatic system do
returns fluid to the body (the fluid is called lymph), and defends against pathogens
32
what major organs make up the lymphatic system
thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic vessels
33
what does the respiratory system do
removes carbon dioxide from the body, and delivers oxygen to the body
34
what major organs make up the respiratory system
the nasal passage, trachea, and lungs
35
what does the digestive system do
processes food for use in the body, and removes waste from undigested food
36
what major organs make up the digestive system
the stomach, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, and small intestine
37
what does the urinary system do
controls water balance in the body, and removes waste from the body and excretes them
38
what major organs make up the urinary system
the urinary bladder, kidney, urethra, and ureters
39
what does the reproductive system do in males
produces sex hormones and gametes, and delivers gametes to females
40
what major organs make up the male reproductive system
epididymus, testes, and glands
41
what does the reproductive system do in females
produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo / fetus until birth, and produces milk for the infant
42
what major organs make up the female reproductive system
mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, and uterine tubes
43
anterior / posterior (frontal and dorsal)
front and back
44
lateral
top and bottom
45
medial
down the middle (left and right)
46
superior (cranial)
above or top
47
proximal
position on a limb closer to the trunk of the body
48
inferior (caudal)
below or bottom
49
distal
position on a limb further from the trunk of the body
50
what are the 5 nesicary life functions
organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, growth, and reproduction
51
what does organization do for life functions
maintains the boundaries between internal and external environments
52
what is an example of organization
plasma membranes and skin
53
what does metabolism do for life functions
in charge of all chemical reactions that happen in body cells
54
what is an example of metabolism
catabolism and anabolism
55
what does responsiveness do for life functions
it is the ability to sense and respond to stimuli
56
what is an example of responsiveness
withdraw reflex (fight or flight), and control over the breath rate, and body temp
57
what does movement do for life functions
it is the movement of all body parts and substances in the body
58
what is an example of movement
cardiac and smooth muscles
59
what does development, growth, and reproduction do for life functions
the differentiation of cells, increase in size of a body part or organism, cellular division for growth or repair, and the production of offspring
60
what is an example of development, growth, and reproduction
goring up, fetuses growing through pregnancy
61
what is homeostasis
homeostasis is the matienence of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
62
what are the components of homeostasis
having a set point that is normal for the fluctuation to be around, a normal range that is optimally stable, and a negative feed back loop that brings the body back to homeostasis
63
what is negative feedback
this is a control mechanism that reverses deviation from the set point that helps the body contain a normal range
64
what is positive feedback
the response that enhances the original stimulus
65
how is blood calcium regulated
this is regulated by parathyroid hormone, and the dihydroxyvitimin D-3
66
what is prone
facing downward
67
what is supine
facing upward
68
what are the survival needs
Oxygen, Nutrience, Narrow range of temperature, and a Narrow range of atmosphere pressure
69
what is homeostatic imbalance
this is a disturbance in homeostasis, that can increase the risk of disease, contribute to changes associated with aging, and allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to occur
70
what is an example of homeostatic imbalance
heart failure
71
oculus or orbital
eye
72
facies or facial
face
73
axilla or auxiliary
armpit
74
crevices or cervical
neck
75
thoracis, thoracic, or thorax
chest
76
pelvis
pelvic
77
abdomen
abdominal
78
inguen or groin
inguinal
79
dorsum
dorsal or back
80
lambs or loin
lumbar
81
what are the membranes of the anterior body cavity
serous, pleural, pericardium, and periotenium
82
what two membranes make up the serous membrane
parental (internal lining), and viceral (outer lining)
83
what does the pleura do
a serous membrane the surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity
84
what does the pericardium do
a serous membrane that surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity
85
what does the peritoneum do
a serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
86
what are all the body cavities
the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity
87
what makes up the dorsal cavity
the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity
88
what is In the cranial cavity
the brain, menengies, and the cerebrospinal fluid
89
what is in the vertebral cavity
the spinal cord and the spine nerve roots
90
what makes up the ventral cavity
thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
91
what makes up the thoracic cavity
two pleural cavities (each houses a lung), mediastinum (contains the pericardial cavity that surrounds internal organs), and the pericardial cavity (encloses the heart)
92
what makes up the abdominopelvic cavity
the abdominal cavity (contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver), and the pelvic cavity (contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
93
what are atoms
the smallest unit of matter that makes unique building blocks for each element
94
what are three types of chemical bonds
hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds
95
what are synthesis reactions
a combination reaction that preforms anabolism in the body to take two or more simple elements and combines them to make a complex one
96
what are decomposition reactions
a reaction that works with catabolism to take a complex substance and break it down into two simple parts
97
what is aerobic respiration and formula
this is a chemical process when oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H20
98
what are the four most abundant elements found in the human body
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
99
what are enzymes and their function
these are proteins that act upon substrate molecules and decrease the activation energy nessicary for a chemical reaction to occur by stabilizing the transition site
100
how do enzymes differ from catalysts
enzymes are organic, catalysts are inorganic
101
what does the rate of chemical reactions depend on
the temperature, concentration of reactants, the size of the particle, and weather a catalyst is present
102
what is the function of water in the human body
it is a lubricant and a cushion, it acts as a heat sink, and it is a component of liquid mixtures
103
what is pH and how is it measured
the acidity of a solution ranging from 0 - 14
104
what is a buffer
a mixture of compounds that resist change in pH
105
what is an organic compound
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids that contain carbon except CO2, and CO, many are polymers
106
what is an inorganic compound
a component that does not contain carbon to hydrogen bond
107
what is a monomer
a small molecule
108
what is a polymer
chains of monomers
109
what is a carb
sugars and starches
110
what is the function of a carb
an energy source in the body
111
what are three classes of carbs
mono, die, and polysaccharides
112
what is a lipid
compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents
113
what is a lipid monomer
glycerol and fatty acids
114
what does a lipid do
helps with moving and storing energy, and absorbing vitamins and making hormones
115
what are the main types of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
116
what is a protein
polymer made up of amino acids
117
what are the five functions of protein
support structure, catalysts, hormones, enzymes, building blocks, and initiators of cell death
118
what are the four levels of structure of proteins
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
119
what are amino acids
molecules that combine to form proteins
120
what is denatruization
unfolding or breaking up of a protein
121
what is an example of denaturizaiton
cooking an egg
122
what is DNA
a molecule that contains a genetic code unique to everyone
123
what is the function of DNA
to store all genetic information
124
what is the function of RNA
to read the order of amino acids and link them together
125
what is ATP
a source of energy for use and storage on a cellular level
126
what is the function of ATP
to capture chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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