Lab Exam 3

Question 1

The _______ immune system acts fast and non-specifically

Answer 1

Innate

This includes physical barriers and mast cells,NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, basophils, and eosinophils.

Question 2

Phagocytic cells, such as _______, and __________ ingest and destroy pathogens

Answer 2

Neutrophils and macrophages

Question 3

__________ cells, A special type of white blood cell, destroy virus infected cells.

Answer 3

Natural killer

Question 4

How does an organism distinguish its own tissue from foreign element or invader?

Answer 4

This ability is conferred by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
They recognize microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that are unique to bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungus.

Question 5

The adaptive immune system relies on ______ and ______.

Answer 5

B cells- humoral branch of adaptive immunity

T cells- cell mediated immunity

Question 6

B cells can directly destroy a foreign particle or……

Answer 6

Differentiate into plasma cells that release antibodies. To target for other cells to destroy

Question 7

All ____ cells carries surface receptors that are each specific to a single antigen.

Answer 7

T

After encountering the antigen, T cells can stimulate other parts of the immune system actively destroy infected or cancerous cells

Question 8

Typically one of three pathological affects arise from an autoimmune disease…

Answer 8

Damage or distraction of tissue, altered organ growth, or altered organ function

Question 9

If a patient has a higher percentage of neutrophils this usually indicates….

Answer 9

Bacterial infection

Question 10

Antibodies are also known as?

Answer 10

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

And essential player of the adaptive immune system
They are produced by B cells and make up to 20% of the total blood plasma by weight

Question 11

The Y shaped structure of antibodies consist of ______ polypeptide chains

Answer 11

4
Composed of amino acids
Two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

Question 12

Antibodies are held together by what type of bonds?

Answer 12

Covalent disulfide bonds and noncovalent bonds

Question 13

Both a light chain and heavy chain contribute to the antigen binding site at each of the tips of the white structure. These amino acids are highly variable to allow recognition of an almost unlimited number of images this region is also called the ________

Answer 13

Variable region and is part of the antigen binding fragment

Question 14

Each arm of the Y shaped unit carries an

Answer 14

Identical antigen binding site

Antibodies can crosslink antigens when one arm binds to one antigen and the other arm binds to a second, structurally identical antigen

Question 15

Cross-linking is facilitated by….

Answer 15

The flexible hinge region that connects the anybody’s arm to the stand and allows variable distances between energy and binding sites. Large lattices of cross-linked antigens are subsequentially engolfed more quickly and easily by macrophages, removing larger amounts of the antigen at once

Question 16

The stem region of the antibody is also called the….
It determines the effector function of the antibody. Via the FC domain, that antibody can interact with FC receptors on other immune cells such as the cells macrophages and mass cells

Answer 16

Fragment Crystallizable (Fc) region

Question 17

The Fc is often______ , hindering or allowing FC receptors access.
Altering the glycocalyces state of the antibody, therefore, allows rapid modulation of antibody function

Answer 17

Glycosylated

Question 18

What anybody classes have a single Y shaped structure, providing two identical antigen binding sites at the tips of their arms?

Answer 18

IgD, IgE, IgG

Question 19

IgD, IgE, and IgG differ in their composition of _____________ between their two heavy chains

Answer 19

Disulfide and non-covalent bonds

Question 20

_______ can occur as a monomer or a dimer, resembling two Ys that are joined at their base.

Answer 20

IgA

As a dimer, IgA has four identical antigen binding sites

Question 21

IgM can occur as a monomer but is more often encountered as a _______, giving it the ability to bind to a
10 identical antigens at once

Answer 21

Pentameter

Question 22

____ anybody’s account for 80% of all antibodies. They’re responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins

Answer 22

IgG

Question 23

_____Attaches as an individual molecule to the expose service of basophils and mast cells

Answer 23

IgE

Question 24

_____ is an individual molecule on the surface of the cells, where it can bind engines in the extracellular fluid. This binding can play a role in the sensitization of B cell involved

Answer 24

IgD

Question 25

______ is the first class of antibodies secreted after antigen is encountered. Concentration declines as IgG production accelerates. The anti-AA and anti-B antibodies responsible for the angulation of incompatible blood types

Answer 25

IgM

Question 26

____ is found primarily in granular secretions such as mucus, tears, saliva, and semen. These antibodies attack pathogen‘s before they gain access to internal tissue

Answer 26

IgA

Question 27

How do IgG antibodies contribute to pathogen illumination?

Answer 27

They opsonize pathogen‘s to trigger phagocytosis by macrophages or neutrophils The activity of these phagocytic cells is in Hanst by the compliment system, a cascade of enzymatic proteins. The government system itself is triggered by IgG

Question 28

These antibodies are secreted into the mothers milk, thereby offering passive immunity that protects the infant from infections

Answer 28

IgG

Question 29

This anybody neutralizes bacteria, preventing their movement across epithelia Occurs as a dimer when it is secreted in as a monomer and body fluids

Answer 29

IgA

Question 30

Monomers of the _____ class are the first to appear on naïve B cells. They are the major class of any bodies that are secreted by the cells in response to the first exposure to an antigen, the primary antibody response. It activates the complement system and neutralizes pathogen‘s

Answer 30

IgM

Question 31

Low levels in body fluids and are mostly known for allergies. During an allergic reaction it binds to cognate antigen. The FC region binds to mass cells in basophils. The interaction of this antibody in the FC receptor on the cell surface elicits the realize of histamine and interleukins, which caused allergic symptoms

Answer 31

IgE

Question 32

The functions of this antibody are not well understood but seem to resemble those of IgM

Answer 32

IgD

Question 33

A collection of antibodies directed against different antigenic determinants of an antigen or several antigens

Answer 33

Polyclonal antibodies

Question 34

What is an important limitation of polyclonal antibodies?

Answer 34

They are unable to distinguish between antigens that share antigenic determinants. Therefore they are sometimes not useful in treatment or clinical testing applications One approach to overcome this is to prepare a myeloma B cell hybridoma

Question 35

Who discover that patients with multiple myeloma a lymphoid tumor produced a large quantity of antibodies

Answer 35

Henry Bence-Jones

Question 36

what does ELISA stand for?

Answer 36

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent absorbent assay

Question 37

This is typically used to detect the presence or amount of a target protein of interest within an experimental sample Detection is made possible by antibodies

Answer 37

ELISA

Question 38

When preforming ELISA, when exposed to a substrate, antibody bound enzyme will cause a color change, thereby indicating the presence of the proteins of interest in the sample

Answer 38

Color change = positive result

Question 39

What is the most common ELISA method? (Direct, indirect, sandwich)

Answer 39

Indirect

Question 40

Using antigen antibody interactions in vitro is called

Answer 40

Serology

Question 41

Can be seen with the naked eye when clusters of these aggregates appear

Answer 41

Agglutination Fast fast way of diagnosing common causes of infection Ex: rapid staphylococcus aureus

Question 42

What happens after a vaccine is administered?

Answer 42

Antigen presenting immune cells (APCs), such as Dendritic cells macrophages, engulf the antigen from the vaccine, degrade and display pieces of the antigen down to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on their surface The activated APCs then migrate to the lymph notes, where they encounter and stimulate naïve helper T cells inside of toxic T cells. The activated helper T cells differentiate into different subtypes such as type one and type two helper T cells

Question 43

What are the purines? They contain two ringed structures

Answer 43

Adenine and guanine

Question 44

Single ringed structures called pyramidines

Answer 44

Cytisine thiamine

Question 45

Adjacent nucleotides in the same strand are conveniently linked by ________ bonds. The two strands of nucleotides are held together by ________ bonds.

Answer 45

Phosphodiester, hydrogen

Question 46

Hydrogen bonds would not be able to form without the _______ arrangement of DNA

Answer 46

Anti-parallel

Question 47

Responding to the environment often requires __________ changes

Answer 47

Transcriptional

Question 48

What is the central dogma in biology?

Answer 48

Dictates that genetic information is converted into functional proteins by the process of transcription and translation

Question 49

Some tRNA molecules are able to bind to more than one coat on sequence, allowing for coding versatility known as the....

Answer 49

Wobble effect

Question 50

Changes a single amino acid and the effects might be serious if the change alters the function and proteins

Answer 50

Misssense mutation

Question 51

A mutation that produces a stop codon that triangulate the protein, likely rendering at nonfunctional

Answer 51

Nonsense mutation

Question 52

Mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide are inserted into or delete it from a proteins coding DNA sequence, altering all of the codons downstream of the location of the mutation

Answer 52

Frameshift mutation

Question 53

What does prolonged exposure to UV light do to DNA?

Answer 53

Destruct see hydrogen bonds between pyrimidines and their complementary bass in DNA, resulting in pyrimidine dimers, where a covalent bond is formed between adjacent pyrimdines.

Question 54

Who created PCR

Answer 54

Mary Mullis

Question 55

What is required for PCR

Answer 55

- template DNA - Taq DNA polymerase - nucleotides - buffers - MgCl cofactors for enzymes - 2 two different primers (forward and reverse synthetic oligonucleotides)

Question 56

Steps of PCR

Answer 56

- Heating (denaturing ) - cooling to allow primers to O’Neil - heading back to 72° to allow tack polymerase to extend the new DNA strand * denaturation * annealing * extension

Question 57

The method of separating charge particles typically nucleic acid‘s or proteins based on size and or charge

Answer 57

Electrophoresis DNA strands migrate through A.CHAL while submerged in a buffered solution This can be used to confirm the size the number and as an intermediate or confirmation step and other bio technology applications

Question 58

The sugar phosphate backbone of DNA has a _______ charge in neutral to basic solutions

Answer 58

Negative DNA will move from the negative poll towards the positive part of the electrode through a semi solid matrix

Question 59

True or false DNA is the only molecule that can be observed through electrophoresis?

Answer 59

False Proteins in RNA can be separated using the same principles. Their size and charge

Question 60

________ can recognize short sequences of DNA and make precise double-stranded DNA cuts only where those sequences are present. The specific recognition sites are called _________ and our unique for each restriction enzyme discovered

Answer 60

``` Restriction enzymes (endonuclease) Palindrome ```