Pathogenesis And Epidemiology

Question 1

Lives on the outside surface of an organism or Cohabiting with

Ex. Cow and bird

Answer 1

Ectosymbiont

Question 2

Live within the host

Answer 2

Endosymbiont

Question 3

One organism benefits the other is not harmed or helped

Answer 3

Commensalism

Question 4

Symbiotic relationship, to organisms in opposition to one another

Ex. Yeast and bacteria in vagina

Answer 4

Antagonism

Question 5

___________ breaks down peptidoglycan in bacteria in our tears

Answer 5

Lysozymes

Question 6

The ability of a microbe to cause disease

Answer 6

Pathogenicity

Question 7

The ability of The organism to invade and enter the host “ establish it self”

Answer 7

Invasiveness

Question 8

Describes the degree or severity of disease. The Ability to induce severe disease (how bad)

Answer 8

Virulence

Question 9

Opposite of virulence.

Answer 9

Attenuation

Question 10

The cellular changes that occur within the host tissue. Can be used to access death rates instead of entire organism

Answer 10

Cytopathology

Question 11

There is a correlation between mode of transmission and degree of ________

Answer 11

Virulence

Direct contact is less virulent and indirect is more

Question 12

What are the direct contact transmissions?

Answer 12

Vertical transmission- from parent to offspring. Ex placenta
Horizontal transmission- Direct from person to person
Droplets-small particles that can only travel less than 1 m

Question 13

What are in direct contact

Transmissions?

Answer 13

Formites- these are items you can touch

Vehicle-nonliving carrier of an infectious agent (food, water, airborne transmission)

Question 14

What are vectorborne modes of transmission?

Answer 14

• biological vector- Active transmission, pathogen completes part of its lifecycle in the vector before being transmitted
• mechanical vector-doesn’t require the pathogen to multiply on or within the vector

Question 15

Could be an animal or dirt, soil, or water. Can harbor pathogen‘s that can be transmitted to a new house to cost disease

Answer 15

Reservoir

Question 16

Complex infectious cycles involve _____ as intermediatories

Ex: mosquitoes, ticks, mites. West Nile in birds (they don’t have it but mosquitoes transfer from birds to people)

Answer 16

Vector

Question 17

Rickettsia rickettsii

Answer 17

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

The tick is both reservoir and vector for the pathogen

Question 18

In Lyme disease, mice or other small mammals are the _______ , ticks are the _______ for the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 18

Reservoir, vector

Question 19

In syphilis, humans are the ________, and transmission of the bacteria Treponema pallidum it’s through direct contact with the ______

Answer 19

Reservoir

Question 20

What are the steps for a microbe to cause disease in a host?

Answer 20

• portal of entry
• surviving host defenses
• attaching firmly
• causing damage
• exit host (portal of exit)

Question 21

_________ originates from outside the host body

_________ already exists within the body of the host

Answer 21

Exogenous

Endogenous

Question 22

Involves piercing the skin or mucous membranes

Ex: injected through a needle, nail, insect bite

Answer 22

Parental route

Question 23

Also known as “white death”.

Molecules that are secreted by some bacteria that will kill the hosts leukocytes

Answer 23

Leukoocidins

Question 24

Type of white blood cell, then golf pathogen’s, some pathogens can evade them

Answer 24

Phagocytes

Question 25

What can block phagocytosis or cause incomplete phagocytosis?

Answer 25

Bacterial capsules

Question 26

Prevents fusion of lysosome and phagocytic vesicles

Answer 26

Protein A

Question 27

Adaptation to invade and establish infection in house. Determines a degree of tissue damage that occurs

Answer 27

Virulence factors Ex: cell wall components like LPS, capsules, pili (adhesions), fimbriae, enzymes, and toxins

Question 28

What are some Exoenzymes that help bacteria induce disease? | “ spreading factors”

Answer 28

- collagenase (enzyme that breaks down the proteins and collagen) - hyaluronidase (enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid) - mucinase - Kertatinase

Question 29

How do you exoenzymes help bacteria induce disease?

Answer 29

- catalase-breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen - coagulase- conjugates Fibrogen in plasma leading to the formation of a fiber in clot. Can prevent phagocytosis, (gives the organism a chance to multiply within the fiberin clot, increasing the size of the infecting dose) - kinases (streptokinase) enzymes that can break down the clots to spread in neighboring tissues

Question 30

These are toxins secreted by live cells

Answer 30

Exotoxins

Question 31

Toxins released when the cell is killed

Answer 31

Endotoxins (lipid A from LPS)

Question 32

Entry of preformed toxin into the host? What is it called if it’s in the blood?

Answer 32

Intoxications Toxemia

Question 33

Type of toxin produced by some bacteria. Induces red blood cell lysis Degrade hemoglobin releasing iron

Answer 33

Hemolysins Alpha hemolysins-partially degrades Beta- completely degrade the hemoglobin Gamma-does not produce hemolysis that degrade red blood cells and hemoglobin

Question 34

Causes severe diarrhea, usually from fece contaminated food or water

Answer 34

cholera (vibrio cholerae) | cAMP activates ion transport; water follows to cause uncontrollable diarrhea

Question 35

This is what the patient is feeling and describing

Answer 35

Symptoms Like chills, headache, etc.

Question 36

Something that can be observed or measured by the practitioner

Answer 36

Signs Ex: fever, chest sounds, etc.

Question 37

When the body cannot clear an infection. White blood cells surrounding the area of infection to prevent the microbes from spreading

Answer 37

Granuloma

Question 38

Lasting effects that remain after the host has recovered (damage from the infection)

Answer 38

Sequelae

Question 39

Describe the stages of infectious disease

Answer 39

- incubation period - prodromal stage (A vague sense of starting to feel the infection) - period of illness (Acme- highest Point of infection, fulminating-rapid and severe onset) - convalescence period- period Where you either improve or death

Question 40

First epidemiologist, studied Cholera in London

Answer 40

John Snow

Question 41

Evaluate occurrence, determinate, distribution in control of health and disease in a defined human population. determine the causative agent of disease, the source, and or reservoir, mechanisms of transmission, hosts and environmental factors in best control measures

Answer 41

Epidemiology

Question 42

First identified case in an epidemic

Answer 42

Index case

Question 43

The number of NEW cases in a given area, in a given time period

Answer 43

Incidence

Question 44

Depends both on the incidence rate and duration of the illness. Number of TOTAL cases in a given area in a given time.

Answer 44

Prevalence

Question 45

Incidence of deaths in a population during a certain period of time

Answer 45

Mortality rate

Question 46

Proportion of illness in a population, usually per 1000 people

Answer 46

Morbidity rate

Question 47

Types of nosocomial infections

Answer 47

Endogenous-brought into the hospital by the patient Exogenous-The microbiota is different than the patient’s normal flora Autogenous-caused by the microbiota of the patient despite whether it became part of the patient’s microbiota following and mission

Question 48

Sheltering in place used for people who do not have the disease

Answer 48

Isolation

Question 49

Isolating someone who may have been exposed but it’s not showing signs or symptoms yet

Answer 49

Quarantine