Lesson 8: Transcription, Translation, Proteins Processing And Regulation

Question 1

Segment of DNA used to make a functional product called RNA

Answer 1

Gene

Question 2

__________ of structural genes produces messenger RNA (copy)

Answer 2

Transcription

Question 3

During ________ mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids

Answer 3

Translated

Question 4

What is central dogma Theory

Answer 4

The path from gene to trait

Question 5

Encode the information for specific proteins

Answer 5

Structural gene

Question 6

Site for the binding of regulatory proteins. Role is to influence the rate of transcription

Answer 6

Regulatory sequences

Question 7

Site where RNA polymerase binds, signaling the beginning of transcription

Answer 7

Promoter

Question 8

Sequence of DNA that codes for protein

Answer 8

Coding region

Question 9

The strand that is being coded…

Same as opposite strand accept substitute uracil for thymine in DNA…

Answer 9

Template strand

Sense strand

Question 10

Five prime for ribosome attachment to begin translation

Answer 10

Ribosome binding site

Question 11

Three stages in transcription

Answer 11

1. initiation (RNA polymerase to bind to DNA)
2. Elongation
   - five prime to three prime, plumber he’s catalyzes new rTPSs
3. Termination
   - RNA polymerase and RNA transcript dissociate from the DNA

Question 12

In bacteria, RNA polymerase holoenzyme is made up of:

Answer 12

• Core RNA polymerase -for elongation

- Sigma factor-for initiation (detects consensus sequence (-35 and -10) and promoter

Question 13

MRNA with multiple ribosomes translating the sequence into proteins

Answer 13

Polysome

Question 14

The growing RNA transcript will always be synthesized in the __________ Direction which is anti-parallel to the template strand

Answer 14

5’-3’

Coding stand- 5’-3’ (has the same base sequence as the RNA transcript, except T in DNA goes to U in RNA)
Template strand- read 3’-5’

Question 15

Eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases…

Answer 15

RNA POL 1- RNA genes expect 55
RNA POL 2-mRNA
RNA POL 3- tRNA and 55 rRNA

Question 16

In eukaryotic,

Located at 25 base pairs

Determines the start start site for transcription

Answer 16

TATA box

Question 17

Core promoter can produce a low level of transcription on its own

Answer 17

Basal transcription

Question 18

Regulatory elements:
Acts as activating sequence…
Represses transcription…

Answer 18

Enhancers
Silencers

Often 50 to 100 region, influence the ability of RNA polymerase to recognize the core promoter

Question 19

Proteins that bind to regulatory regions, located near or at a distance
Have a strong influence on the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

Answer 19

Regulatory transcription factors

Question 20

Only influence expression of an adjacent gene on the same DNA. DNA sequences such as TATA box, enhancers, and silencers

Answer 20

Cis-acting elements

Question 21

Regulatory factors that are not DNA. They bind to the Cis-acting elements on any DNA molecule. Produced by regulatory genes that may be located a distance

Answer 21

Trans-acting elements

When a gene and coding a transacting factor it is expressed it made a few throughout the cell in binding to it’s appropriate Cis-acting element

Question 22

Adds complementary nucleotides in the growing RNA transcript in the five prime to three prime direction and reads the DNA template strand in the three prime to five prime direction

Answer 22

RNA elongation

Question 23

Forms between the three hydroxyl in the phosphate of the incoming ribonucleotide triphosphate, releases a diphosphate

Answer 23

Phosphodiester bond

Question 24

Have signal similar to the Rho- independent mechanism as bacteria

Answer 24

RNA polymerase one and three

Question 25

More complex. In transcriptional termination, it transcribes a gene pass the polyadnloation signal sequence. RNA Cleve just passed the poly a signal sequence. RNA poly continues transcribing the DNA

Answer 25

RNA pol 2

Question 26

After passing the poly a signal sequence, RNA pol to is destabilize due to the release of elongation factors binding of termination factors

Answer 26

Allosteric model

Question 27

An exonuclease binds to the five prime end of the RNA that is still being transcribed and degrades it in a five prime to three prime direction. Exonucleus catches up to RNA polymerase two and causes termination

Answer 27

Torpedo model

Question 28

In _________,mRNA Is processed before translation

Answer 28

Eukaryotes

Question 29

- covalently bonded | - allows for the exit of certain RNAs from the nucleus

Answer 29

5’-7-methylguanosine cap

Question 30

Important for the stability of the mRNA, translocation of the RNA to cytoplasm and regulate translation. Added by the enzyme called poly A Polymerase

Answer 30

3’ ploy-A tail

Question 31

Endonuclease cleavage occurs about ____ nuclear tides downstream from the AAU AAA sequence.

Answer 31

20

Question 32

Can prokaryotic or eukaryotic carry out transcription and translation simultaneously?

Answer 32

Bacteria can Eukaryotes can’t This is because mRNA must pass through nuclear pores to reach ribosomes in cytoplasm

Question 33

Two selective targets for antibiotics?

Answer 33

Anabiotic‘s that affect Transcription- Rifamycin B, Actinomycin D Antibiotics that affect translation-Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin

Question 34

Examples of possible modifications (post transcriptional)

Answer 34

- chaperone proteins for 3-D confirmation - cleavage - cofactors added (buying two allosteric or active site of enzyme) - join with other proteins to form quaternary level of structure - glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation

Question 35

Dictate the stability of a protein

Answer 35

Degrons

Question 36

A type of the degron, the N-terminal amino acid of a proteins directly correlates with it stability

Answer 36

N-terminal rule

Question 37

Proteins degrading machines in eukaryotes and archaea

Answer 37

Proteasomes

Question 38

This spans the membrane and is specific for sensing a particular molecule, can sense structural change in the proteins

Answer 38

Sensor kindness protein

Question 39

Senses changes outside the cell, involves a two components signal transduction system

Answer 39

Activator sequence

Question 40

Genes that are always turned on and are use continuously

Answer 40

Constitutive genes

Question 41

Code for endurable enzymes. Only needed under certain conditions often in catabolic pathways

Answer 41

Inducible genes

Question 42

Encode proteins that structuring in a bio synthetic pathway always present unless than product of the biosynthetic pathway is available

Answer 42

Repressible genes

Question 43

How are inducible genes organized?

Answer 43

Three basic components that all operons will have at least one - promoter - operator( start button to get started) - structural genes

Question 44

Regulates the metabolism of lactose - operator/promoter - lacZ-in code see Beta galactosidase enzyme, lactose to glucose to galactose - lacY-specifies the primary structure of permeates enzymes for entry of lactose into bacterial cells - lacA- encodes transacetylase, enzyme for removal of toxic byproducts of lactose digestion

Answer 44

lac operon

Question 45

What is Catabolite repression?

Answer 45

-Regulation of transcription by both -repressors and activators Diauxic growth-byphasic growth pattern -lac operon turned off in the presence of glucose

Question 46

Repressible operons are turned off when what is available?

Answer 46

Substrate

Question 47

_____ operon is repressible

Answer 47

Trp - regulated by repressor‘s, called in active aporepressors - corepressor - complex can bind operator sequence upstream of target gene or operon

Question 48

The trp operon is involved in the bio synthesis of the amino acid ________

Answer 48

Tryptophan - attenuation - negative regulation ^ to shut down expression of these genes