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Anatomy and Physiology Second Practical > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outermost Tough Covering

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2
Q

Subdural Space

A

Space beneath the Dura

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3
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Middle layer with a spiderweb appearance

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4
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Space beneath the arachnoid mater contains cerebrospinal fluid

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5
Q

Pia Mater

A

Innermost covering tightly adheres to the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Cerebrum

A

Thinking and coordinating for response

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7
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Deep separation between two cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

Lobes

A

Each hemisphere is separated into five lobes four of which bear the name of the cranial bone that covers it

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9
Q

Five Lobes

A

Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Insula

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10
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outer layer of gray matter that covers the surface of the cerebrum contains neuron cell bodies dendrites and unmyelinated axons

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11
Q

Sulcus

A

Shallow Grooves

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12
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Groove between the parietal and frontal lobes

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13
Q

Gyrus

A

Bumps separated by sulci all the gyri and sulci increase cerebral cortex area where higher brain function occur

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14
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

Found on the frontal lobe just anterior to the central sulcus motor function

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15
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

Found on the parietal lobe just posterior to the central sulcus sensory function

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16
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Neural connection communication between the cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

Spaces within each cerebral hemisphere that make and contain cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

Gray Matter

A

Contains neuron cell bodies dendrites and unmyelinated axons in the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei

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19
Q

White Matter

A

Contain myelinated axons

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20
Q

Diencephalon

A

Deep to the cerebral hemisphere composed of three main parts

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21
Q

Diencephalon three main parts

A

Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

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22
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay station

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23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Inferior to the thalamus controls the autonomic nervous system for thirst and hunger and controls the endocrine system with hormones

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24
Q

Epithalamus

A

Posterior and superior part contains the pineal gland

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25
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Regulates sleep by way of melatonin hormone

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26
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Endocrine gland hanging down from the hypothalamus controls the endocrine system with hormones

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27
Q

Third Ventricle

A

Spaces in the midbrain filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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28
Q

Brianstem

A

Primitive brain with automatic functions

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29
Q

Midbrain

A

Reflex centers for vision and hearing

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30
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus

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31
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Cardiovascular and respiratory reflex center

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32
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

Space between the pons and cerebellum filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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33
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posterior to the brainstem and inferior to the cerebrum
Contains arbor vitae the tree of life white matter
Functions in balance and muscle coordination

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34
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Contains neurons for cranial nerve I for smell

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35
Q

Optic nerve and optic chiasma

A

Contains neurons for cranial nerve II for vision from the retina to the brain

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36
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Found in each of the four brain ventricles and surrounds the brain and spinal cord for nourishment and protection

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37
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

Cone shaped ending of spinal cord

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38
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Collection of spinal nerves that extend below the conus medullaris

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39
Q

Cross Section and Connections

A

Has the same meninges and spaces as the brain plus an additional epidural space

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40
Q

Gray Matter Horns

A

Projections that contain neuron cell bodies and look like a butterfly connect to the spinal nerves

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41
Q

White Matter Columns

A

Contain axons of ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts

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42
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Consists of cranial and spinal nerves which are sensory and motor and include two subdivisions

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43
Q

Two Parts of Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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44
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Controls voluntary skeletal muscle

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45
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle

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46
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Innervate the head and the neck region

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47
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Innervates visceral organs

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48
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Innervate the level of the body at their point of exit

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49
Q

Olfactory

A

Smell

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50
Q

Optic

A

Vision

51
Q

Oculomotor

A

Eye muscle movement

52
Q

Trochlear

A

Eye muscle movement

53
Q

Trigeminal

A

Sensation from face chewing

54
Q

Abducens

A

Eye muscle movementq

55
Q

Abducens

A

Eye muscle movement

56
Q

Facial

A

Taste Expression

57
Q

Auditory

A

Hearing Balance

58
Q

Spinal Accessory

A

Head Movement

59
Q

Hypoglossal

A

Speech

60
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

From cervical spinal nerves

61
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

Innervates the diaphragm triggers inspiration during breathing

62
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

From cervical spinal nerves

63
Q
A
64
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

From lumbar spinal nerves

65
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

From sacral spinal nerves

66
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

Largest nerve of the body travels into the posterior thigh

67
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Neural pathway through which a reflex occurs

68
Q

Sensory Receptor

A

Site of stimulus action

69
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Transmits signals to the central nervous system by way of the posterior route of the spinal nerve
Posterior routed ganglion contains the cell body of the sensory neuron

70
Q

Integration Center

A

Within the central nervous system involves an interneuron

71
Q

Motor Neuron

A

Sends signal to the effector by way of the anterior route of the spinal nerve

72
Q

Effector

A

Muscle gland that responds to efferent signal contracting secreting

73
Q

Three layers of the Eye

A

Fibrous Vascular Sensory

74
Q

Fibrous Layer

A

The outermost layer includes the cornea and sclera

75
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye for protection and refraction

76
Q

Sclera

A

The white part of the eye

77
Q

Conjunctiva

A

A thin membrane that covers the anterior sclera

78
Q

Vascular Layer

A

Middle layer including the Choroid Ciliary muscle Iris and Pupil

79
Q

Choroid

A

Brown and black layer in the back of the eye contains blood vessels

80
Q

Ciliary Muscle

A

Encircles the lens to shape the lens for focusing

81
Q

Sensory Layer

A

Innermost layer including the Retina Macula and the optic disc

82
Q

Retina

A

Only in the posterior of the eye contains the visual sensory receptors called photoreceptors contain rods

83
Q

Rods

A

For seeing dim light and black and white

84
Q

Cones

A

For seeing color

85
Q

Macula

A

Small area in the posterior retina

86
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

Contains the highest concentration of cones for most precise vision

87
Q

Optic Disc

A

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye also called the blind spot because no photoreceptors are present there

88
Q

Lens

A

A curved transparent structure used for refracting light for focusing

89
Q

Anterior Cavity

A

Space in front of the lens contains aqueous humor

90
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

Watery fluid that nourishes the cornea

91
Q

Posterior Cavity

A

Space posterior to the lens contains vitreous humor

92
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Gelatinous material that supports the shape of the eye

93
Q

Lacrimal Gland

A

Lateral and Superior to the eye produces tears

94
Q

Lacrimal Secretions

A

Tears clean the anterior surface of the eye and drain into the nasolacrimal duct

95
Q

Nasolacrimal Duct

A

Where tears are drained into go into the nasal cavity

96
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light around a curved surface allows for focusing of light

97
Q

Accommodation

A

Bulging of the lens so you can focus on objects that are closer

98
Q

Binocular Vision

A

Requires visual signals from both eyes allowing depth perception

99
Q

Visual Acuity

A

Sharpness or clarity of vision eye chart test

100
Q

Myopic

A

Eyeball is too long and can’t see far away objects

101
Q

Farsightedness

A

Eyeball is too short and can’t see close objects

102
Q

Astigmatism

A

Unequal curvature of the lens or cornea causes distortions in vision

103
Q

Color Blindness

A

A genetic condition in which some of the cone types are missing

104
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increased pressure in the eye damages the retina and optic nerve

105
Q

Cataract

A

Cloudiness of the lens

106
Q

Outer Ear

A

The part of the ear outside the tympanic membrane

107
Q

Auricle

A

Funnel shaped structure functions to gather sound waves

108
Q

External Auditory Canal

A

Directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane

109
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Vibrates according to the frequency and intensity of sound received

110
Q

Middle Ear

A

Air chamber containing tiny bones that conduct vibration from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

111
Q

Middle Ear

A

Air chamber containing tiny bones that conduct vibration from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear also called ossicles

112
Q

Ossicles

A

Malleus Incus Stapes

113
Q

Auditory Tube

A

Goes from the nasopharynx to the middle ear to equalize pressure from the outside against the tympanic membrane

114
Q

Inner Ear

A

Fluid filled chamber holds the sensory receptors for both hearing and equilibrium and sends signals to the brain

115
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

Sends signals to the brain

116
Q

Cochlea

A

Looks like a snail shell contains the hearing sensory receptors to detect vibrating fluid that moves hairs for sound detection

117
Q

Vestibule

A

Central cavity of the inner ear connecting to the cochlea and the semicircular canals it has sensory receptors for positional and linear equilibrium

118
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Contains sensory receptors for rotational equilibrium

119
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Located in the roof of the nasal cavity contain the olfactory receptor cells which detect smells and sends the information through the olfactory foramen of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb

120
Q

Olfactory Foramen

A

What smell information goes through

121
Q

Papilla

A

Where taste buds are located detect taste sensations salt sweet sour bitter with the facial nerve

122
Q

Facial Nerve

A

Detects Taste serves the anterior two thirds of the tongue

123
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

Serves the posterior one third of the tongue

Anatomy and Physiology Second Practical (3 decks)

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