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Anatomy and Physiology Second Practical > Lecture Final > Flashcards

Lecture Final Flashcards

1
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

The anatomy of things that can’t been seen with the eye need a microscope

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

The anatomy of things that can be seen with the eye don’t need a microscope

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3
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

The study of structural changes from fertilization to maturity

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4
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

The study of body structures that work together to perform a function

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5
Q

Epidermis

A

Keratinized stratified squamos epithelium with four layers thin skin five layers thick skin

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6
Q

Five Special Senses

A

Taste Smell Vision Hearing Equilibrium

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7
Q

Molecules are made of

A

Atoms

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8
Q

Cells are made of

A

Molecules

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9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produce keratin tough fibrous protein

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10
Q

Chemical Senses

A

Smell Olfaction
Taste Gustation

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11
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Standing upright facing forward arms hanging on the sides palms facing forward feet together

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12
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin protect the skin from ultraviolet light

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13
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

The organ of smell that covers the roof of the nasal cavity

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14
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Macrophages that ingest foreign substances and activate immune system

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15
Q

Parietal Pluera

A

Outer layer of a serous membrane lines the thoracic wall

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16
Q

Tactile Merkel Cells

A

Sensory receptor for touch

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17
Q

Astrocytes

A

A subtype of glial cells that make up the majority of cells in the human central nervous system

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18
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Ciliated epithelial cells that develop from radial glia along the surface of the ventricles of the brain and the spinal cord

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinating cells of the central nervous system

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20
Q

Microglia

A

Immune cells of the brain

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21
Q

Taste Buds

A

Mostly found in the tongue papilla on the tongue mucosa

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22
Q

What contains the taste buds

A

Fungiform and circumvallate papillae

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23
Q

Cytology

A

the study of cells for making a diagnosis based on the abnormalities encountered in the anatomical structures of the human body and then correlated to different types of cells.

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24
Q

Embryology

A

The branch of biology and medicine with the study of embryos and their development

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25
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Single row of stem cells

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26
Q

Taste Sensations

A

Sweet Sour Salt Bitter Unami

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27
Q

Sweet

A

Sugars and some amino acids

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28
Q

Sour

A

Hydrogen Ions

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29
Q

Salt

A

Metal Ions

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30
Q

Bitter

A

Alkaloids

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31
Q

Unami

A

Savory old meat dirt

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32
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state of balance and equilibrium among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function properly

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33
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Contain melanin granules and dendritic cells

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34
Q

Muscle Tissue Function

A

Movement Posturee Joint Stability Heat Production

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35
Q

What needs to happen to taste a food

A

Must be dissolved in saliva
Contact gustatory hairs

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36
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Front and Back plane

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37
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Left and Right plane

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38
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Lower and Upper plane

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39
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Consists of one to five layers of epidermal cells keratinocyte appearance changes drastically

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40
Q

Ground Substance

A

What the extracellular matrix is made of

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41
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Only present in thick skin

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42
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Multipolar Mutliple Dendrites

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43
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

2 dendrites

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44
Q

Interneurons

A

More than one multipolar

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45
Q

Unipolar

A

One nerve process extending from the cell body an axon that extends into dendrites

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46
Q

Bipolar

A

A neuron that has two extensions one axon and one dendrite

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47
Q

Multipolar

A

A type of neuron that has a single axon and many dendrites

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48
Q

Taste is

A

80% smell

49
Q

Smallest Unit of Living Things and Why

A

Cells because it’s the most fundamental building block of every living organism

50
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Keratinized epithelial cells 20 30 layers and makes up three quarters of the thickenss of the epidermis

51
Q

Dermis

A

Composed mainly of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers vascularized has two regions

52
Q

Stored Energy Source Cells Use To Make ATP

A

Glycogen

53
Q

Accessory Structures

A

Eyebrows eyelids conjunctiva lacrimal apparatus extrinsic eye muscles

54
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

55
Q

Papillary Region

A

Superficial 20% of the dermis contains loose areolar connective tissue

56
Q

Rectus

A

Parallel

57
Q

Oblique

A

Reaching across your body

58
Q

Transverse

A

Midline of the body

59
Q

Reticular Region

A

Deeper 80% of dermis contains dense irregular connective tissue

60
Q

Extensibility

A

The property of a muscle allowing it to stretch without damage

61
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Transparent mucus membrane

62
Q

Isotopes

A

Same element same number of protons but different number of neutrons

63
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment that helps to protect DNA skin cells from UV radiation by absorbing rays

64
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath

65
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

Tear system

66
Q

Triglycerides

A

Store unused calories provide body with energy

67
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow to orange pigment found in certain plant foods like carrots accumulates in stratum corneum and fatty tissue

68
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Sharing one or more electrons

69
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Transfer one or more electrons

70
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak bond between two molecules electrostatic force between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other

71
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein carrying respiratory gases in red blood cells blood cells located in dermal blood vessels cyanosis is due to poorly oxygenated blood

72
Q

Mixture

A

Made up of two or more different chemical substances which are not chemically bonded

73
Q

Compound

A

A chemical substance composed of many identical molecules containing atoms from more than one chemical element chemically bonded

74
Q

Pallor

A

May signify anemia low blood pressure or shock

75
Q

Contractile Organelles of Skeletal Muscle Fiber

A

Myofibrils

76
Q

Three Tunics of the Eye Wall

A

Fibrous Vascular Sensory

77
Q

Fluid Humors

A

Aqueous and Vitreous

78
Q

Lens and Iris separate the internal cavity

A

Anterior Posterior Portions

79
Q

Bronzes

A

Metallic appearance of the skin could be a sign of Addisons disease

80
Q

Myofibrils

A

Basic rod like organelle of a muscle cell
Produce muscle contraction and relaxation

81
Q

Z Disc

A

Delineate the lateral borders of sarcomeres and are the smallest functional units in striated muscle
Stabilize actin filament structures
Transfer between sarcomeres
Communication with nucleus

82
Q

Myosin

A

a fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells
converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement.

83
Q

Actin

A

a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, and the thin filaments in muscle fibrils
maintaining and controlling cell shape and architecture

84
Q

Troponin

A

sarcomeric Ca2+ regulator for striated (skeletal and cardiac) muscle contraction

85
Q

Tropomyosin

A

a protein involved in muscle contraction. It is related to myosin and occurs together with troponin in the thin filaments of muscle tissue
binds along actin filaments and regulates actin-myosin interaction in muscle and nonmuscle cells

86
Q

Bruises

A

Blood escaped from circulation and clotted beneath the skin

87
Q

Lipids

A

fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water
Fats are solid oils are liquid

88
Q

Hypodermis

A

Also referred to as the subcutenous layer not part of the skin because located deep to the dermis

89
Q

Sclera

A

Protects the eye and anchors extrinsic muscles

90
Q

Cornea

A

Protects lets light enter the eye while refracting

91
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugar molecules stored in skeletal muscle as glycogen

92
Q

Structure of Hair

A

Flexible strands produced by hair follicles consist of dead keratinized epidermal cells

93
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Flat sheets of connective tissue in your body that are similar to tendons

94
Q

Difference between Aponeurosis and Tendons

A

An aponeurosis is made of layers of delicate, thin sheaths. Tendons, in contrast, are tough and are rope like

95
Q

Three Regions of the Vascular Tunic

A

Choroid Ciliary Body and Iris

96
Q

Choroid

A

A brown membrane in the posterior
Supplies blood to all eye tunics

97
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

Contain polypeptide chains organized approximately in parallel along a single axis, producing long fibers or large sheets

98
Q

Shaft

A

Portion of hair in which kertinization is complete

99
Q

What Causes Dark Banding of Skeletal Muscle

A

The arrangement of the thick myosin filaments across the myofibrils and the cell causes them to refract light and produce a dark band known as the A Band

100
Q

Ciliary Body

A

Surrounds the lens
Anchors the suspensory ligament

101
Q

Ciliary Body

A

Surrounds the lens
Anchors the suspensory ligament
Ciliary Process makes the Aqueous Humor

102
Q

Salt

A

An ionic compound formed during the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base

103
Q

Root

A

Keratinization is still ongoing remainder of the hair deep within the follicle

104
Q

DNA

A

The molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism

105
Q

RNA

A

a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA

106
Q

DNA base

A

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)

107
Q

RNA base

A

adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine

108
Q

Uracil is only in

A

RNA

109
Q

Medulla

A

core with large cell and air spaces, absent in fine hairs

110
Q

Concentric

A

Muscle tension rises to meet the resistance then remains stable as the muscle shortens

111
Q

Eccentric

A

When a force applied to the muscle exceeds the momentary force produced by the muscle itself

112
Q

Rods

A

Respond to dim light
Used for peripheral vision

113
Q

Cones

A

Respond to bright light
Have high acuity color vision

114
Q

Double Bond

A

In chemistry, a double bond is a covalent bond between two atoms involving four bonding electrons as opposed to two in a single bond

115
Q

Cortex

A

bulky layer surrounding medulla, consists of several
layers of flattened cells

116
Q

Synapse

A

The site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells neurons between a neuron and a gland muscle cell effector between neurons target cells sends and receives

117
Q

Axon Collateral

A

Side branches on an axon

118
Q

Dendrite

A

Processes that extend from the cell bodies of cortical neurons branch process of the neuron transmits electrical potentials toward the cell

Anatomy and Physiology Second Practical (3 decks)

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