lab final

Question 1

Oil droplets (dispersed phase) are dispersed in water (dispersion medium)

Answer 1

Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion

Question 2

Appears less greasy and easily washable with water.

Conducts electricity since water is the continuous phase.

Answer 2

Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion

Question 3

Commonly used in oral emulsions (e.g., liquid preparations for oily drugs).

Answer 3

Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion

Question 4

Found in topical formulations such as lotions and creams.

Answer 4

Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion

Question 5

Water droplets (dispersed phase) are dispersed in oil (dispersion medium).

Answer 5

Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsion

Question 6

Feels greasy and not easily washable with water.
Poor electrical conductivity due to oil being the continuous phase.

Answer 6

Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsion

Question 7

Used in dermatological formulations like creams and ointments for moisturizing.

Answer 7

Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsion

Question 8

Suitable for depot injections (e.g., slow-release hormonal drugs).

Answer 8

Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsion

Question 9

These have more than two phases, where one type of emulsion is dispersed within another.

Answer 9

Multiple Emulsions

Question 10

Types of Multiple Emulsions

Answer 10

Oil-in-Water-in-Oil (O/W/O)
Water-in-Oil-in-Water (W/O/W)

Question 11

Oil droplets dispersed in water, which is further dispersed in another oil phase.

Answer 11

Oil-in-Water-in-Oil (O/W/O)

Question 12

Water droplets dispersed in oil, which is further dispersed in an external water phase.

Answer 12

Water-in-Oil-in-Water (W/O/W)

Question 13

Provide controlled release of active ingredients.

Can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.

Answer 13

Multiple Emulsions

Question 14

Used in advanced pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetic products.

Answer 14

Multiple Emulsions

Question 15

Used to prevent the coalescence and
maintain the integrity of the individual
droplets of dispersed liquid.

Answer 15

Emulsifying Agent

Question 16

Effectiveness of emulsifying agents depend on its:

Answer 16

chemical structure
concentration
solubility
pH
physical properties
electrostatic effect

Question 17

These are capable of forming and stabilizing emulsions by themselves

Answer 17

True Emulsifying Agent

Question 18

Examples of True Emulsifying Agent

Answer 18

Acacia, Gum Arabic

Question 19

They do not form acceptable emulsions when used alone, but do not assist primary agents in stabilizing the product.

Answer 19

Stabilizer

Question 20

Examples of Stabilizers

Answer 20

Agar
Gulaman
Chondrus
Dextrin
Malt extract

Question 21

Natural Emulsifying Agent (Animal Source)

Answer 21

Casein
Cholesterol
Egg yolk
Gelatin
Wool fat

Question 22

Natural Emulsifying Agent (Vegetable Source)

Answer 22

Agar
Acacia
Pectin
Chondrus
Tragacanth

Question 23

Have high pH and therefore sensitive to the addition of acids and electrolytes.

Answer 23

ANIONIC SYNTHETIC AGENTS

Question 24

These are hydrophilic and form oil-in-water soaps

Answer 24

Alkali soaps

Question 25

These are water insoluble and form water-in-oil soaps

Answer 25

Metallic soaps

Question 26

Soap that form oil-in-water

Answer 26

Monovalent soaps

Question 27

Soap that form water-in-oil

Answer 27

Polyvalent soaps

Question 28

These are used as surfaced-active agents in 1% concentration. Are incompatible with soaps.

Answer 28

CATIONIC SYNTHETIC AGENTS

Question 29

Example of CATIONIC SYNTHETIC AGENTS

Answer 29

Benzalkonium Chloride

Question 30

are resistant to the addition of acids and electrolytes

Answer 30

NON-IONIC SYNTHETIC AGENTS

Question 31

Example of NON-IONIC SYNTHETIC AGENTS

Answer 31

Polyethylene Glycol 400 Monostearate

Question 32

hydrophobic in nature and form water-in-oil

Answer 32

Sorbitan Esters - SPANS

Question 33

hydrophilic in nature and form oil-in-water emulsion may form complexes with phenolic compounds

Answer 33

Polysorbates - TWEENS

Question 34

Sterilization setting of autoclave

Answer 34

21 degrees C 15 psi 15-20 min

Question 35

MOA of autoclave (moist heat sterilization)

Answer 35

Protein Coagulation

Question 36

Biological Indicator of autoclave (moist heat sterilization)

Answer 36

Bacillus stearothermophilus

Question 37

Sterilization setting for dry heat (oven)

Answer 37

temp: 160-170 degrees C 2-4 hours

Question 38

MOA of dry heat sterilization

Answer 38

due to oxidation

Question 39

Biological Indicator for Dry Heat Sterilization (Oven)

Answer 39

Bacillus subtilis

Question 40

For heat-labile solution

Answer 40

Membrane Filtration

Question 41

Membrane filtration size

Answer 41

0.22 mcm

Question 42

MOA of Membrane Filtration

Answer 42

Physical separation

Question 43

ethylene oxide or b-propiolactone

Answer 43

Gas Sterilization

Question 44

MOA of Gas Sterilization

Answer 44

Alkylation

Question 45

Biological Indicator of Gas Sterilization

Answer 45

Bacillus subtilis

Question 46

gamma or cathode rays

Answer 46

Ionizing Radiation

Question 47

MOA of Ionizing Radiation

Answer 47

Lethal DNA Mutation

Question 48

Biological Indicator for Ionizing Radiation

Answer 48

Bacillus pumilus

Question 49

to ensure pyrogen free

Answer 49

Depyrogenation

Question 50

Most common pyrogenic material

Answer 50

endotoxin

Question 51

Test to ensure pyrogen free

Answer 51

LAL

Question 52

A room in which the concentration of airborne particles are controlled.

Answer 52

Cleanroom

Question 53

Melt the tip to form a bead

Answer 53

Tip/Bead Sealing

Question 54

melt below the tip then pull it away

Answer 54

Pull Sealing

Question 55

A more liable method; heat it below the tip, pull it, rotate the glass (capillary) to lessen the sharpness

Answer 55

Pull Sealing