Lab Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is the first step of the scientific method?
A
observation
2
Q
What is the order of the steps of the scientific method?
A
Observation question hypothesis prediction experiment results report/conclusion
3
Q
A hypothesis is what?
A
a tentative explanation for your question, a possible reason for the observation, and useful for making predictions
4
Q
science does not usally arrive at a result that explains everything. What is the purpose of the scientific method?
A
the purpose is to reason out one part of the answer to our question.
5
Q
a graph must include which of the following?
A
labeled axes, a title explaining the graph, either the format of a bar graph or scatter plot depending on the data, logical number intervals on the axes
6
Q
once your results are in, you will make a conclusion. What will this conclusion do?
A
state whether the hypothesis is falsifies or supported
7
Q
an experiment has what parts?
A
experimental group, control group, variable
8
Q
a ____ is a well-tested explanation that is supported by a wealth of evidence.
A
theory
9
Q
before you make a conclusion, you must do what after an experiment?
A
analyze the data for results
10
Q
in what step of the scientific method do you produce tables and graphs?
A
results
11
Q
What is put on the x-axis of the graph?
A
independent variable
12
Q
how do you adjust the stage holding the microscope slide when on the lowest objective lens?
A
use the course focus
13
Q
true or false: prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?
A
false
14
Q
how was the best way to identify the difference between bacterial colonies and fungal colonies?
A
bacterial colonies are smaller and shiny whil fungal colonies are larger and fuzzy.
15
Q
what did we use to make sure that the bacteria or fungi that was growing on our plates was actually from what we swabbed and not contamination?
A
we were careful not to lift the lid much
16
Q
what three characteristics would you look for in a kingdom Animalia cell?
A
cells part of a larger tissue or organism, rounded cells, nuclei
17
Q
since we know that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are made of proteins, they must have what?
A
RNA
18
Q
what objective do you always start with when looking at a new slide?
A
the lowest objective
19
Q
there are how many domains used in the current classification system?
A
3
20
Q
what structures do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?
A
RNA, DNA, Cell membrane, ribisomes
21
Q
much of the time cells in kingdom protista are what?
A
single-celled
22
Q
the ovary is part of which section of the flower?
A
pistil/carpel
23
Q
what feature separates ferns from gymnosperms?
A
lacking wood and seeds
24
Q
which of the following bear seeds?
A
angiosperms and gymnosperms
25
what ploidy level does the sporophyte generation have and what generation is dominant in mosses?
2n; gametophyte
26
the flower is the _____ organ of a flowering plant.
reproductive
27
which is not one of the four major plant groups?
hydrosperms
28
monocots and dicots are different in what features?
number of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils; leaf venation; arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem; having wood or not
29
what are the four groups of land plants in order from least complex to most?
mosses(bryophytes), ferns and allies, gymnosperms, angiosperms
30
if I have a flower with 3 sepals and 3 petals and the stem of the plant has scattered vascular bundles throughout the stem, what type fo plant do i have?
a non-woody monocot
31
what features separates moss from a fern?
vascular tissue
32
pollen is produced where?
stamen
33
we used chloroplast extracted from what plant?
spinach
34
plants make two kinds of sugars: sucrose and starch. Which is the purpose of each of these sugars?
sucrose is for transporting to other parts of the plant and starch is used for storage
35
what part or parts of the plant are photosynthetic?
all parts with cells that have chloroplasts
36
photosynthesis is what type of metabolism?
anabolism
37
true or false: plants only make sugar in photosynthesis and release oxygen, therefor, plants do not break down sugar in respiration and use oxygen.
false
38
ATP is what?
the energy transfer molecule
39
what color of light is not used in photosynthesis?
green
40
DCPIP is used for what?
an indicator of photosynthesis
41
what is the storage sugar?
starch
42
the abstract must be how long?
no more than one page
43
what are the two products of photosynthesis?
carbs and oxygen
44
metabolic reactions from large molecules to smaller molecules occurs in how many steps?
many smaller discrete steps
45
what quality or color of light was most effective in driving the light reactions?
non colored light
46
humans use what type of respiration?
aerobic respiration
47
which of the following produced the most ATP?
aerobic respiration
48
what enzyme was involved in the production of the ATP product of cellular respiration?
ATP synthase
49
how many steps are there in cellular respiration?
3
50
according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, what happens to part of the energy of a glucose molecule when it is transferred to ATP?
some energy is lost as heat.
51
how did we measure the rate of reaction in the fermentation tube in our respiration experiment?
we measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced
52
what is the main by-product of respiration?
carbon dioxide
53
what are the electron carriers in cellular respiration?
NADH and FADH2
54
one glucose molecule makes how many ATP?
36-38
55
if you don't have ATP, what happens?
you die
56
which step of cellular respiration is most important based on the amount of ATP produced?
electron transfer chain
57
how does temp affect the rate of cellular respiration?
enzymes are sped up or slowed down depending on the temp
58
cellular respiration takes place where?
cytoplasm and mitochondria
59
cephalization refers to what?
having a head
60
"what animal has pharyngeal gill slits, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, and post-anal tail?
amphioxus
61
what is the difference between the crustaceans and insects?
merged head and thorax in crustaceans but not insects, only 6 legs in insects but more possible in crustaceans, one is aquatic and the other terrestrial
62
what would be proposed order of development of the following chordates?
```
amphioxus
perch
frog
snake
rat
```
63
_______ symmetry is characterized by a body plan equally arranged around a central axis like the spokes of a wheel. Ex. sea star
radial
64
what feature is lost as animals move more fully to land?
gills
65
jointed appendages were associated with what feature?
skeletons
66
are all chordates vertebrates?
no
67
what was the least complex organism we reviewed?
sponge
68
what is a characteristic that all animals have?
multicellular, heterotrophic, lack a cel wall, capable of movement
69
what features a structure that can sting called cnidocytes?
hydra
70
which animal has the following characteristics: bilateral symmetry, developed cephalization, jointed appendages present, vertebrae absent, and 6 legs?
grasshopper
71
what does the gallbladder do?
it secretes bile that neutralizes the chymes pH and emulsifies any lipids
72
what was not an external feature you could see of the frog?
esophagus
73
what was the urinary bladder nearest in the frog?
cloaca/anus
74
what was the first organ of the internal digestive system?
esophagus
75
how do we know that oxygenated blood mixes with deoxygenated blood in a salamanders heart?
there is only one ventricle and therefore blood going to the lungs/gills must mix with the blood going to the rest of the body
76
why does the salamder have gills and lungs?
it lives in wet and dry enviroments
77
what do the villi do in the small intestine?
they increase the absorption surface area
78
what is the correct order of all digestive organs listed?
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cloaca
79
kidneys are what shape?
small and round
80
what external feature does the salamander have that the frog does not?
gills
81
the spleen was nearest what organ below?
stomach
82
what organ receives the contents of the stomach in the digestive system?
small intestine
83
which organ is part of the digestive system?
liver
84
if your one weasel caught 10 of the 20 mice, what will occur?
all of the above
85
in our predatory-prey experiment, if you rolled a 2 and a forest fire destroys all organisms, what will likely happen in the meadow after some time has passed?
the meadow will be repopulated with immigrant mice and weasels
86
true or false: chance events always decreased the prey population, the predator population, or both.
false
87
since we always started the weasel population at 1 even when they died off in the previous generation, what is a scenario that reasonably accounts for the new weasels?
the weasel immigrated into a meadow looking for food
88
what is true about the weasels?
weasels must have captures five extra mice to produce offspring
89
normally, which is more likely to have the least individuals in a community?
top predator species
90
if you rolled a 2 and a forest fire destroys all organisms, what will likely happen in the meadow after some time has passed?
the meadow will be repopulated with immigrant mice and weasels
91
at what generation did chance events start to affect the population?
12
92
across 15 generations, we say that predator populations increased how compared to prey populations?
predator populations slowly increased after prey populations increased
93
if a top predator in an ecosystem were to suddenly disappear, what would happen to the main prey species soon after?
the prey species would increase dramatically in number
94
what does the carbon come from in carbon dioxide that is released in the burning of fossil fuels?
ultimately it was a product of photosynthesis
95
what processes or factors release carbon dioxide in deforestation?
cellular respiration and burning of organic matter
96
what are happening to the current levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide according to the keeling curve?
they are increasing
97
what two countries have the main responsibility for our large increase in carbon dioxide?
china and the united states
98
what are the main fossil fuels?
coal, petroleum, and natural gas
99
release and accumulation of carbon dioxide seem to be proportional, but why is that not a useful way to look at carbon flux?
The release of carbon is more than the stored carbon stored in safe areas.
100
How does atmospheric carbon dioxide affect the ozone layer?
there is no effect
101
What does the use of measuring carbon in Petagrams tell us?
There is a lot of carbon to account for in the environment.
102
what is a fossil fuel?
ancient organic matter protected from decomposition
103
what is the biggest producer to release carbon dioxide?
burning of fossil fuels
104
The field devoted to classification of organisms is what?
taxonomy
105
What characteristic of the each plant was the most useful in terms of identifying the plant?
leaves
106
We used a dichotomous splitting pattern in our phylogenies. What does this mean?
Each "species" split into 2 different new "species"
107
Which of the following describes poison ivy?
Trifoliate leaves
Vine with hairy-looking roots
Alternate leaves
108
Leaves that have no teeth or lobes would have a margin described as what?
smooth
109
What is the point (best reason) of constructing a phylogeny?
finding relationships between organisms
110
What are the main methods of making phylogenies?
DNA and morphological characteristics
111
When you want to identify organisms based on their features, what tool would be best to use?
a dichotomous key for the area
112
Which of the following statements is true?
Taxonomic classifications are an attempt in showing evolutionary history based on relationships.
113
Leaves with leaflets that are opposite one another with one leaflet on the tip are described as what?
pinnately compound
114
What is the point (best reason) of constructing a phylogeny?
finding relationships between organisms
115
a dichotomous key has which of the following?
couplets of questions
116
A powerful approach for addressing questions of relationships between organisms is ________________, which attempts to reconstruct the historical relationships among organisms.
molecular systematics
