LAB - GI and Starch Digestion

Question 1

enzyme measurement is important to diagnose

Answer 1

heart attack and liver disfunction

Question 2

enzymes are biological catalysts which are

Answer 2

proteins that speed up the rate of a reaction without permanently changing the enzymes themselves

Question 3

amylase converts what and what into what

Answer 3

Starch and water into maltose

Question 4

The shape of the enzyme provides a pocket called

Answer 4

Active site

Question 5

The shape of the active site determines the

Answer 5

specificity of the enzyme

Question 6

the active site has a 3d structure that allows the substrate to

Answer 6

temporarily attach

Question 7

the substrate of a reaction is the

Answer 7

molecule that is acted on by the enzyme

Question 8

The product is a result of the

Answer 8

enzyme catalysis

Question 9

The equation always has enzymes on the top of the arrow, substrates to the left of the arrow and product to the right

Answer 9

amylase

starch + H2O _____maltose

Question 10

enzymes are very specific about the reactions they

Answer 10

catalyze

Question 11

each enzyme usually catalyses only a single reaction however,

Answer 11

they can catalyze that same reaction many times without wearing out.

Question 12

Some enzymes catalyze a synthesis reaction which is

Answer 12

the conversion of two substrates into a larger product.

Question 13

enzyme assays

Answer 13

are used to determine if an enzyme is working

Question 14

amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch to alogosacharides including matose

Answer 14

for this enzyme assay we are able to detect the presence of starch, the substate, and maltose, one of the products to determine enzyme activity.

Question 15

after preparing the test tubes with reagents a sample goes on a dish then we add lugose iodine. when lugose iodine and starch come into contact you get a

Answer 15

blue black color which indicates a positive starch test

Question 16

When starch is absent the addition of lugose iodine produces a light yellow color. This represent a

Answer 16

negative starch test

Question 17

The absence of starch indicates a functional salivary amylase

Answer 17

because amylase breaks down starch.

Question 18

Another way to test the activity of amylase is to test for the

Answer 18

presence of the products of the catalysists reducing sugars

Question 19

Benedict’s reagents tests for the presence of

Answer 19

reducing sugars such as maltose, glucose and fuctose

Question 20

A positive sugar test is detected as a color change from the original blue to

Answer 20

green, orange, or burnt orange

Question 21

A negative sugar test is detected when the solution

Answer 21

remains blue after the benedict’s reagent and boiling step

Question 22

typically a bell shaped curve illustrates how an enzyme performs at various temperatures most enzymes have an

Answer 22

optimal temperature at which they function best.

Question 23

the peak of the curve indicates the optimal temp where enzymatic activity is the

Answer 23

highest

Question 24

As the temperature of the enzyme change the structure of the

Answer 24

active site also changes and this new shape may or may not be able to accommodate the substrate

Question 25

What is an enzyme?

Answer 25

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction.

Question 26

What is a catalyst?

Answer 26

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself becoming chemically changed or part of the product.

Question 27

What is a substrate?

Answer 27

A reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed

Question 28

What is the product?

Answer 28

the result of the enzyme catalysis

Question 29

Peptide are

Answer 29

two or more amino acids linked together by a peptide bond

Question 30

a peptide chain containing 10-100 amino acids is typically called a

Answer 30

polypeptide

Question 31

during digestion ______ cells of the stomach secrete a protein digesting enzyme called pepsin

Answer 31

chief cells

Question 32

Pepsin is a

Answer 32

protein digesting enzyme

Question 33

pepsin _________ peptide bonds

Answer 33

hydrolyzes

Question 34

_______ is a synthetic peptide that releases a yellow dye product when hydrolyzed

Answer 34

BAPNA

Question 35

negative results with negative controls validate the experiment. negative controls are used to determine whether there are any contaminating substances are present to cause the change.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

When a positive result is produced but a negative result is expected, one or more contaminating substances are present to cause the change

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Where in the body does protein digestion begin?

Answer 37

The stomach

Question 38

The substrate for pepsin is

Answer 38

protein

Question 39

there are four layers in the walls of the digestive tract

Answer 39

1. deepest layer is the mucosal layer. 2. submucosa has blood vessels and nerves. 3. muscularis externa - circular muscle and longitudinal muscle which is smooth muscle 4. serosa

Question 40

if you swallow a penny what layer would the layer be touching?

Answer 40

mucossa

Question 41

if you swallow a penny and the dr has to operate what is the first layer she will cut?

Answer 41

serosa.

Question 42

small intestine is the only place that has the

Answer 42

villi and microvilli and lacteals

Question 43

in the small intestine we increase surface area by

Answer 43

plicae villi or circular folds, villa and microvilla

Question 44

does the liver make any digestive enzymes?

Answer 44

NO

Question 45

What are the main type of gland cells in the stomach?

Answer 45

parietal, chief and enterendocrine

Question 46

what does the parietal cells secrete?

Answer 46

hydrochloric acid

Question 47

what does the chief cell secrete?

Answer 47

pepsinogen which is the inactive form of pepsin

Question 48

what do the enterendocrine cells secrete?

Answer 48

hormones like gastrin

Question 49

the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct dump into the

Answer 49

duodenum of the small intestine

Question 50

if you see a tube like thing in front of a pancreas and the question is what organ the answer is

Answer 50

small intestine. when it asks for more specificity the answer is duodenum.

Question 51

Bile goes to the _____ to be concentrated and stored

Answer 51

gallbladder

Question 52

the bile from the gallbladder goes from the common bile duct into the duodnum

Answer 52

True

Question 53

lobes of the liver

Answer 53

left, right, quadrate, cuadate

Question 54

lobules are the

Answer 54

small units of the liver

Question 55

portal triad is made of 3 parts

Answer 55

a portion of the hepatic portal artery, a portion of the hepatic portal vein and a portion of the bile duct.

Question 56

bile coniculai is where the

Answer 56

bile is moving from the center of the lobules to the outside ends

Question 57

In the center of the lobules is the

Answer 57

central vein

Question 58

in all the lobules the blood goes towards the central vein and then the central veins unite to make the

Answer 58

hepatic vein that comes out the liver

Question 59

coming in and out of the gallbladder is the

Answer 59

cystic duct

Question 60

from the liver are the left and right hepatic ducts

Answer 60

True

Question 61

the right and left hepatic ducts form the

Answer 61

common hepatic ducts

Question 62

The common hepatic duct along with the cystic duct forms the

Answer 62

common bile duct

Question 63

fat pad

Answer 63

greater omenta

Question 64

What are the 3 layers of muscles in the stomach?

Answer 64

oblique, circular, longitudinal

Question 65

what is the role of the peyer's patch?

Answer 65

lymphatic tissue that are a part of immunity.

Question 66

ways to increase surface area in the stomach

Answer 66

rugae

Question 67

ways to increase surface area in the small intestine

Answer 67

microvilli, villi and plica circularis (circular folds)

Question 68

Put the large intestine in the correct order from the cecum on?

Answer 68

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoidal colon, rectum, anus.

Question 69

What's the role of the cecum?

Answer 69

it's just the connection between the small intestine and large intestine. A receiving area for the stuff that wasn't absorbed by the small intestine.

Question 70

What's the role of the cecum?

Answer 70

it's just the connection between the small intestine and large intestine. A receiving area for the stuff that wasn't absorbed by the small intestine. Some people say it's the dirtiest place in the human body.

Question 71

How does surface area effect enzymatic reaction?

Answer 71

Increased surface area speeds up a reaction.

Question 72

The typical temperature for most of our reaction is 37 degrees which is

Answer 72

body temp

Question 73

What are the parts and the order of the large intestine or colon?

Answer 73

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoidal colon, rectum and anus

Question 74

know the internal and external sphincter

Answer 74

Internal anal sphincter is smooth muscle and involuntarily controled and the external sphincter is skeletol muscle and voluntarily controled

Question 75

What's the role of the cecum?

Answer 75

To receive the undigested food from the small intestine.

Question 76

at 100 degrees you'd have so much kinetic energy but you see

Answer 76

no enzymatic reaction. Because the enzyme is denatured and non-functional

Question 77

lesser and greater omentum are

Answer 77

specialized mesentary that come off the curvature in the stomach they cover the small intestine. these specialized mesentaries are there to store fat.

Question 78

lacteals are there to help absorb

Answer 78

fats - lacteals, lipids, lymph

Question 79

small intestine have the peyer's patch and they are apart of

Answer 79

immunity because it's apart of the lympatic and immune system.

Question 80

The order of the parts of the small intestine

Answer 80

duodenum, jejunum, illium

Question 81

The lesser omentum anchors the

Answer 81

liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

Question 82

The greater omentum drapes inferiorly from the

Answer 82

greater curvature of the stomach to cover the coils of the small intestine. It then runs dorsally and superiorly, wrapping the spleen and the transverse portion of the large intestine.

Question 83

Triglycerides are the most abundant fats in the diet (p. 45). Where is the primary site of their digestion?

Answer 83

The small intestine is the primary site of lipid digestion

Question 84

What organ produces lipase, a fat digesting enzyme?

Answer 84

the pancreas

Question 85

lipase is produced in the _____ and released in the ________

Answer 85

pancreas, small intestine

Question 86

What does lipase break down?

Answer 86

lipids or fats

Question 87

Pancreatic amylase is produced in the _______ and secreted by the_______

Answer 87

pancrease, small intestine

Question 88

Salivary amylase is produced in the _______ and secreted in the _______

Answer 88

salivary glands, mouth.

Question 89

maltase is produced in the ______ and secreted in the ________

Answer 89

SI, SI

Question 90

pepsin is produced in _______ and secreted by________

Answer 90

gastic glands in the stomach (chief cells), stomach

Question 91

trypsin is produced in the _______ and secreted by________

Answer 91

pancrease, SI

Question 92

peptidases is produced in the _______ and secreted by________

Answer 92

Small intestine, small intestine

Question 93

nuclease is produced in the _______ and secreted by________

Answer 93

pancreas, small intestine

Question 94

nucleosidases is produced in the _______ and secreted by________

Answer 94

pancreas, small intestine

Question 95

Lipase is produced in the _______ and secreted by________

Answer 95

pancrease, small intestine

Question 96

What are the enzymes that break down carbohydrates?

Answer 96

salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and maltase

Question 97

What are the enzymes that break down protein?

Answer 97

pepsin, trypsin, peptidases

Question 98

What are the enzymes that break down fats or lipids

Answer 98

lipase

Question 99

What four organic molecules are found in all living things?

Answer 99

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid.

Question 100

what are the mechanical and chemical digestion processes in the mouth?

Answer 100

chewing and swallowing are mechanical. Chemical digestion occurs of carbohydrates and fats

Question 101

what are the mechanical and chemical digestion and absorptive processes in the stomach?

Answer 101

Mechanical - peristaltic mixing and propulsion. chemical digestion of proteins and fats. absorption - lipid soluble substances such as alcohol and aspirin.

Question 102

what are the mechanical and chemical digestion and absorptive processes in the small intestine?

Answer 102

mechanical - mixing and propulsion primarily by segmentation. chemical - carbs, fats, polypeptides, nucleic acids. Absorption of peptides, amino acids, glucose, fructose, fats, water, minerals and vitamins (everything)

Question 103

what are the mechanical and chemical digestion and absorptive processes in the large intestine?

Answer 103

mechanical - segmental mixing and propulsion. NO chemical digestion (except by bacteria). Absorption of ions, water, mineral and organic molecules

Question 104

what is the enzyme, the substrate and the product for triglyerides?

Answer 104

enzyme - lipase. substrate - triglycerides. product - fatty acids.

Question 105

what is the enzyme, the substrate and the product for protein?

Answer 105

enzyme - pepsin in the stomach and trypsin in the small intestine. substrate - protein. product - peptides.

Question 106

what is the enzyme, the substrate and the product for peptides which are the product of protein digestion?

Answer 106

enzyme - peptidases. substrate - peptides. Product - amino acids.

Question 107

What speeds up chemical digestion by breaking down our ingested nutrients into small molecules?

Answer 107

enzymes

Question 108

what begins digestion?

Answer 108

chewing and swallowing

Question 109

stomach turns triaclylglycerols into

Answer 109

dighlycerides and fatty acids

Question 110

small intestine combines bile with

Answer 110

separated fats

Question 111

proteins break down into

Answer 111

denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein in the stomach then small peptides, amino acids in the small intestine, then amino acids go into the blood stream in the large intestine.

Question 112

starch digestion break down goes like this:

Answer 112

starch or glycogen breaks down into disaccharides (maltose, sucrose and lactose) in the mouth, then monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) in the small intestine

Question 113

starch or glycogen is a

Answer 113

polysacharide

Question 114

maltose is a

Answer 114

disaccharides

Question 115

glucose is a

Answer 115

monosaccharides

Question 116

maltase is made up of

Answer 116

2 glucose molecules bonded together