Test 2 - lymph, immunity, respiration Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
Lymphatic system does what
A
returns fluids that have leaked from the vascular system back to the blood.
2
Q
3 parts of the lymphatic system
A
lymph vessels, lymph (fluid) and lymph nodes
3
Q
Lymphoid organs and tissues
A
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
4
Q
organs included in the lymphoid organs and tissues
A
spleen, thymus, tonsils and the other lymphatic tissues scattered throughout the body and lymph nodes.
5
Q
Lymph
A
clear water. The interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels is called lymph.
6
Q
diffuse lymphatic tissue
A
A loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers. is found in virtually every body organ. not concrete or specific boundaries. Usually found under the skin or mucous membranes.
7
Q
Lymph nodes
A
Filter lymph and house lymphocytes. They have a connective tissue capsule around the outside, highly vascularized they have Afferent vessels that bring the lymph in. leaves through the Efferent vessels, hillus is where the vessels enter and exit
8
Q
Spleen
A
has two parts, white pulp and red pulp. It removes the bloodborne pathogens and aged red blood cells
9
Q
red pulp of spleen
A
is more vascularized. is where worn-out red blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed.
10
Q
white pulp of spleen is
A
less vascularized. Where immune function takes place
11
Q
What matures in the thymus gland
A
is where the t cells go to mature.
12
Q
What happens to the thymus gland as people age
A
it shrinks and becomes harder to see or find.
13
Q
Thymus also secretes
A
hormones that help with immunity
14
Q
tonsils are lymph
A
nodules not as complicated in structure
15
Q
different types of tonsils
A
palatine, lingual, pharyngeal
16
Q
peyer’s patches
A
aggregated lymphoid nodules - large clusters of lymphoid follicles. located in teh walls of the distal portion of the small intestine.
17
Q
lymphoid tissue
A
is an important component of the immune system because it houses and provides proliferation sites for lymphocytes, furnishes an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages,
18
Q
lymphoid tissue is largely composed of
A
loose connective tissue called reticular connective tissue which dominates all the lymphoid organs except the thymus.
19
Q
lymphoid follicles (lymphoid nodules)
A
solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticualr fibers.
20
Q
lymphoid organs are grouped into two functional categories, what are they?
A
The primary lymphoid organs and the secondary lymphoid organs
21
Q
primary lymphoid organs
A
where B and T cells mature. The red bone marros and the thymus.
22
Q
Secondary lymphoid organs
A
are where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigens and are activated.
23
Q
lymph node has two histologically distinct regions
A
The cortex and the medulla
24
Q
cortex of the lymph node has what kind of cells
A
B cells
25
medulla of the lymph node has what kind of cells
T cells
26
path of lymph through the lymph node
lymph enters the convex side of the lymph node through a number of AFFERENT lymphatic vessels, then to the SUBCAPSULAR SINUS, MEDULLARY SINUSES AND EXITS THE HILUM, exits through EFFERENT lymphatic vessels
27
MALT
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. a set of distributed lymphoid tissues strategically located in mucous membranes throughout the body. they guard the bodies entryways against pathogens.
28
organs in the MALT
tonsils, peyer's patch, appendix
29
T lymphocytes mature in the
Thymus
30
Which of the following is/are the most specific internal defense against disease?
T Cells
31
T cells are a part of ___(whaty type of defensives?_____
the adaptive (specific) defenses against disease. They are involved in cell-mediated immunity as they defend the body against specific pathogens.
32
Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens?
skin and mucous.
33
The first line of defense against disease is
intact skin and mucous membranes. If an antigen (pathogen) cannot enter the body, a secondary defense is unnecessary.
34
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include
macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes (B cells).
35
Which of the following is not an antigen-presenting cells (APC)?
dendritic cell
B cell
macrophage
T cell
t-cell
36
Vaccines provide what type of immunity?
artificially acquired active
37
When your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them, you are exhibiting
active humoral immunity.
38
T lymphocytes mature in the
Thymus
39
Which of the following is NOT a chemical barrier that helps prevent infections?
PH of the Blood
40
Although the blood is usually sterile, the slightly alkaline pH does
not prohibit pathogen growth.
41
```
Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?
phagocytes
inflammation
mucous membranes
natural killer cells
```
mucous membranes
42
```
Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?
impaired function
pain
edema (swelling)
heat
```
edema (swelling)
43
Edema is caused when
release of fluids from blood vessels exceeds their uptake.
44
Not only is blood flow increased to inflamed areas, but capillaries are made more permeable to fluid, resulting in
loss of fluid from the blood and tissue swelling.
45
Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells?
Histamine
46
What cells are similar to mast cells but live in the blood and release histamine?
basophils
47
Which of the following is NOT one of the effects produced by the release of inflammatory chemicals?
redness
vasoconstriction
increased access of clotting chemicals
attraction of neutrophils
vasoconstriction
48
Inflammatory chemicals dilate, rather than constrict, local arterioles and make local capillaries more
permeable.
49
When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors?
Leukocytosis
50
Interferon is
a small protein that can stimulate nearby healthy cells to defend themselves against viral infection.
51
```
What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?
opsonins
complement
interferon
pyrogens
```
interferon
52
How do interferons protect against viral infection in healthy cells?
Interferons encourage the production of antiviral proteins.
53
Which antimicrobial protein triggers inflammation?
complement
pyrogen
interferon
complement
54
Discharge is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
Discharge is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
True
False
false
55
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
fever
T cell activation
opsonization
tissue repair
opsonization
56
Complement proteins stimulate inflammation, serve as
opsonins to aid in the phagocytosis of targeted antigens, and facilitate cytolysis.
57
Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?
Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?
neutrophils
mast cells
macrophages
NK cells
mast cells
58
Mast cells have granules that contain
histamines.
59
Phagocytes are unable to adhere to bacteria that have external capsules concealing their membrane carbohydrates. Our immune system gets around this problem by coating such pathogens with __________.
phagosomes
opsonins
mucin
toll-like receptors
opsonins
60
Opsonins are
complement proteins or antibodies; both provide "handles" to which phagocyte receptors can bind. Any pathogen can be coated with opsonins, a process called opsonization ("to make tasty"), which greatly accelerates phagocytosis of that pathogen.
Provide Feedback
61
During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT ________.
B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells
62
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
vasodilation
63
opsonization
is the process of making pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis by decorating their surface with molecules that phagocytes can bind. Antibodies and complement proteins are examples of molecules that act as opsonins.
64
Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?
insertion of MAC and cell lysis
opsonization
enhancement of inflammation
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
65
Interferons_______
- are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus
- act by increasing the rate of cell division
- interfere with viral replication within cells
- are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
-interfere with viral replication within cells
66
```
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
agglutination
diapedesis
opsonization
chemotaxis
```
opsonization
67
Innate immune system defenses include ________.
phagocytosis
68
Fever ________.
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
69
Natural killer (NK) cells
can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated
70
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
True
71
Which of the areas seen the figure must be occupied by T lymphocytes, at least for a while, but is NOT required for the production of B lymphocytes?
Thymus
72
Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs immediately after which of these events?
activation
73
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________
bone marrow
74
Which of the following should produce naturally acquired, active immunity?
recovering from the chicken pox
75
```
Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity?
antivenoms
infection
antibodies received in breast milk
vaccines
```
vaccines
76
```
Which of the following occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins?
neutralization
agglutination
complement fixation and activation
precipitation
```
neutralization
77
```
Which mechanism(s) of antibody action triggers the response of a plasma protein that will result in a membrane attack complex?
complement activation
neutralization
precipitation
agglutination
```
complement activation
78
Which mechanism(s) of antibody action result(s) in cell lysis?
complement activation
79
Why are children given vaccinations?
so that they will develop antibodies against various disease-causing pathogens
80
Active humoral immunity is acquired in what two ways.?
It is (1) naturally acquired via an active viral or bacterial infection and (2) artificially acquired via vaccines. Vaccines “prime” the immune response by providing a first meeting with pathogen associated antigens without an infection occurring.
81
Which of the following statements regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response is true?
A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.
A primary response leads to higher levels of antibodies than does a secondary response.
A primary response occurs faster than a secondary response.
The antibodies produced in a primary response bind to antigens more efficiently than the antibodies produced in a secondary immune response.
A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.
82
A vaccine is effective because ________.
the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response
83
Plasma Cells
Antibody secreting cells
84
Plasma cells ________.
have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
85
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
infusion of weakened viruses
exposure to an antigen
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
booster shot of vaccine
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
86
Antibodies typically act extracellularly in body fluids and are therefore considered part of the humoral branch of adaptive immunity. T or F?
TRUE
87
```
What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?
cytotoxic T (TC) cells
helper T (TH) cells
APCs
regulatory T (TReg) cells
```
cytotoxic T (TC) cells
88
A class I MHC protein presents an antigen. What type of cell is likely presenting and to what type of cell would it be presented?
Any nucleated cell would present antigens to a CD4 cell.
An antigen-presenting cell (APC) would be presented to a CD4 cell.
Any nucleated cell would present antigens to a CD8 cell.
An antigen-presenting cell (APC) would present antigens to a CD8 cell.
Any nucleated cell would present antigens to a CD8 cell.
89
Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
NK cells
T lymphocytes
dendritic cells
plasma cells
dendritic cells
90
Which lymphocytes act as the bridge between the cellular and humoral responses?
helper T cells
91
allograft
person to person graft
92
autograft
self to self graft (like Jourden's ear)
93
xenograft
one species to another, animal to human (least viable)
94
isograft
identical twin to identical twin
95
Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
antigenic
helper
regulatory
cytotoxic
antigenic
96
Regulatory T cells ________.
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells
decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases
aid B cells in antibody production
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
97
Cytotoxic T cells ________.
self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations
require the double recognition signal of class I MHC plus class II MHC on the target cell in order to function
can directly attack and kill other cells of the body
can directly attack and kill other cells of the body
98
T helper cells ________.
bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin
release B7 proteins
often function to decrease the immune response
function in the adaptive immune system activation
function in the adaptive immune system activation
99
Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response. T or F?
False
100
Which of the following is a role of lymph nodes?
They produce lymph.
They filter lymph.
They produce red blood cells.
They return lymph to circulation.
They filter lymph.
101
Once collected, lymph is ultimately transported into __________.
lymph nodes
the liver for detoxification
arterial circulation
venous circulation
venous circulation
102
```
Which of the following lymphoid cells trap antigens and transport them to lymph nodes
plasma cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
T lymphocytes
```
dendritic cells
103
Dendritic cells assist in the immune response by capturing antigens and delivering them to
T cells in the lymph nodes.
104
Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) in removing aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood?
Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) in removing aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood?
the lymph nodes
the tonsils
the spleen
the thymus
the spleen
105
Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) as the site where T lymphocytes become immunocompetent T cells?
thymus gland
red bone marrow
thyroid gland
tonsils
thymus gland
106
Which of the following distinguishes lymphatic vessels from veins?
lymphatics have valves, while veins do not.
lymphatics lack the three tunics present in veins.
lymphatics transport fluids toward the heart.
lymphatics collect larger materials
lymphatics collect larger materials
107
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system makes blood cells through a process known as hematopoiesis.
The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood.
The lymphatic system produces high fluid pressures to assist in lymph motion.
The lymphatic system transports blood and lymph throughout the body.
The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood.
108
Where are the three large clusters of superficial lymph nodes?
the lumbar, inguinal, and femoral regions
the cervical, acromial, and mammary regions
the axillary, brachial, and subclavian regions
the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions
the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions. (neck, groin, armpit)
109
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
to carry pathogens towards lymph nodes
to return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
to participate in gas exchange at capillaries
to transport absorbed lipids from the small intestine to the bloodstream
to participate in gas exchange at capillaries
110
Which statement correctly describes the origin of lymph fluid?
Lymph is fluid collected from arteriovenous anastomoses.
Lymph is collected from fluid that accumulates in veins as blood slowly circulates back toward the heart.
Lymph is excess tissue fluid formed from plasma that has leaked from capillaries
Lymph is secreted into the lymph vessels
Lymph is excess tissue fluid formed from plasma that has leaked from capillaries
111
Which of these lymphoid organs is organized with trabeculae and compartments containing white pulp and red pulp?
Spleen
112
Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ________.
Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ________.
spleen
tonsils
thymus
appendix
thymus
113
What region of the lymph node contains follicles filled with dividing B cells?
cortex
114
Lymph arrives at the lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels. T or F?
True
115
Where are Peyer's patches located?
distal portion of the small intestine
116
The __________ tonsil(s) is/are referred to as the adenoids if enlarged.
pharyngeal
lingual
tubal
palatine
pharyngeal
117
Peyer's patches are mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue located in the __________.
liver
wall of the small intestine
wall of the colon
spleen
wall of the small intestine
118
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.
Peyer's tonsils
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils
pharyngeal tonsils
lingual tonsils
119
Which lymphoid organs and tissues are characterized by a cortex and medulla?
lymph nodes and thymus only
lymph nodes, thymus and spleen only
spleen and thymus only
lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) only
lymph nodes and thymus only
120
Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age?
tonsils
thymus
spleen
appendix
thymus
121
The blood testis barrier is to newly formed sperm cells as the blood thymus barrier is to ________.
white pulp
plasma cells
mast cells
T lymphocyte precursors
T lymphocyte precursors
122
Which of the following lymphoid tissues/organs do(es) NOT contain reticular connective tissue?
thymus
tonsils
spleen
lymph nodes
thymus
123
Any pathogen can be coated with opsonins, a process called opsonization (“to make tasty”), which greatly accelerates phagocytosis of that pathogen.
opsonization
124
Aggregates of lymphoid nodules located in the wall of the ileum are
Peyer's Patch
125
This structure attached to the cecum is in an ideal place to destroy bacteria before it migrates into the ileum
appendix
126
What lymphatic structure absorbs lipids in the intestine
lacteal
127
Often people suffering from a throat infection complain of "swollen glands." What is the actual problem?
some of their lymph nodes in the throat are full of bacteria
128
To assist with lymph return
lymph vessels possess valves, like veins, to prevent backflow
129
A major function of the lymphatic system is
return of tissue fluid to cardiovascular system
130
In addition to lymphoid function, this organ holds a reservoir of platelets
spleen
131
The structural framework of lymphoid tissue is offered by
reticular connective tissue
132
This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self antigens:
autoimmune
133
This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self antigens:
autoimmune
134
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells
through insertion of perforins into the target¹s membrane
135
These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever.
pyrogens
136
The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen resulting in a secondary response is called a(n)
memory cell
137
Active, artificially acquired immunity is a result of
vaccination
138
Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense?
mucous membranes
139
Antibodies are produced in cells called
plasma cells
140
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are
T lymphocytes
141
Which type of molecule is produced by viral-infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells of the presence of a virus?
interferon
142
Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?
it occurs much more rapidly than a primary response
143
Complement proteins work by
forming pores in the membranes of target cells
144
When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, this is an indication that
inflammation is occurring
145
Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
natural killer cells
146
Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response?
helper T-cells
147
Which cells phagocytize antigen-bearing cells and bind them to their MHCs?
antigen presenting cells
148
MAC complex
Membrane attack complex or terminal compliment complex. is a structure typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host's complement system, and as such is one of the effector proteins of the immune system.
149
complement
A group of bloodborne proteins, which, when activated, enhance the inflammatory and immune responses and may lead to cell lysis.
150
cell lysis
Lysis refers to the breaking down of the cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a "lysate".
151
role of antigen presenting cell
to precent the processed antigen to the helper T cell. It
152
antibodies are secreted from
plasma cells
153
plasma cells are
activated B cells
154
what do antibodies do
neutralize the antigen
155
primary immune response
when antigen comes in contact with immune system for the first time. The immune system has to learn to recognize the antigen for next time
156
secondary immune response
happens due to memory. it's a faster, bigger, more severe response. More antibodies and more activated cells.
157
T and B cells comes from red bone marrow, which ones comes out mature
B
158
what part are B cells associated with
humoral immunity. When they get activated they make plasma cells to get the antibody.
159
Both b and t make
memory cells
160
helper T
receive the processed antigen and activate the cytotoxic T cells and B cells. They are a link between the two types of specific immunity.
161
cytotoxic T cells
can directly kill the antigen
162
suppressor T
will contain the immune response. keep it localized
163
which cells make memory cells
every cell in specific immunity - T and B, helper T, cytotoxic T,
164
passive immunity
get your antibodies from somewhere.
Passive Natural - from mom,
Passive artificial - antibody injections.
165
active immunity
you are making your own antibodies. The memory cells make this immunity life long.
Active Natural - exposure to the antigen
Active Artificial - vaccine
166
role of lymphokind
anything secreted from a lymphocite
167
role of interferon
secreted from a cell and it protects the neighboring cells. Super hero protein. self sacrifice -
168
interleukins
positive chemicals - secreted by a helper T they will stimulate T cells and B cells to divide or secrete
169
complient
series of plasma proteins, cascade reaction. when you finally get compliment you get MAC complex that can poke a hole. compliment with enhance phagocytosis.
170
opsonization
compliment coats antigen/antibody complex and then this enhances phagocytosis of this antigen/antibody complex
171
active humoral immunity
When your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them
172
Complement activation
the chief antibody defense used against cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells. When several antibodies bind close together on the same cell, the complement-binding sites on their stem regions align and complement is activated ( p. 788). Membrane attack complexes may insert into the antigenic cell’s surface, triggering cell lysis.
173
variable antibodies
changes and binds to antigen
174
fixed regions of antibodies
doesn't change and binds to complement
175
non-specific defenses
skin, mucous membrane, sneezing, tears, saliva, urine, coughing, cells like macrophages that are phacocytic, NKiller cells, interferon, complement, fever, cytokines
176
specific immunity
involes T and B cells and memory.
177
thymus
where t cells go to mature
178
spleen
where old red blood cells go to die, macrophages eat them. it's a blood reserve, has immunity
179
why do lymph nodes swell during infection
because the increased proliferation or division of lymphocytes at germinal enters.
180
lymph nodules are found in the
respiratory system - tonsils and digestion - peyer's patch
181
functions of the lymphatic system
immunity, absorption of fats from the small intestine and also fluid maintenance.
182
maturation of b cells happen in the
bone marrow
183
maturation of t cells happensin the
thymus
184
basophil and mast cell both secrete histamine, what is different about them
mast cells are fixed, basophils are mobile
185
air enters lungs via
secondary bronchi
186
anatomy of respiratory tree in order of more to less cartiledge
trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sac, alveoli.
187
where does the conducting zone end
at the terminal
188
anatomy of alveoli
type 1 - simple squamous epithelial cells. type 2, simple cuboidal cell - these cells have macrophages and secrete surfactant
189
how does volume and pressure change during inspiration and expiration
during inspriation you have action potential that go down the phrenetic nerve that causes the diaphramto contract and flatten. there will be an increase in volume and decrease in pressure that will cause air to flow in.
190
expiration
no more action potential, diaphram relaxes and becomes done shaped. the volume goes down, pressure goes up and pressure flows out
191
role of surfactant and its effect on surface tension
it lowers surface tension 40x. if you don't have surfactant you have a higher surface tension and harder to inflate lungs
192
anatomy of respiratory membrane
The membrane separating air within the alveoli from the blood within pulmonary capillaries. It consists of the alveolar wall, the capillary wall, and their basement membranes. The respiratory membrane is very thin (less than 0.5 mm).
193
Partial Pressure Gradients and Gas Solubilities
Partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 drive the diffusion of these gases across the respiratory membrane. O2 diffuses rapidly from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood (Figure 22.20).
194
Blood transports CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three forms
Dissolved in plasma, Chemically bound to hemoglobin, As bicarbonate ions in plasma
195
role of phrenic nerve
phrenic nerves intervate the diaphragm and come from from C3, C4, C5 – C3,4,5 keep the man alive
196
phrenic nerve
The phrenic nerve is a mixed motor/sensory nerve which originates from the C3-C5 spinal nerves in the neck. The nerve is important for breathing because it provides exclusive motor control of the diaphragm, the primary muscle of respiration.
197
shunted blood
venous blood enters the bloodstream without passing through functioning lung tissue. Shunting of blood may result from abnormal vascular (blood vessel) communications or from blood flowing through unventilated portions of the lung
198
which situations would result in shunted blood
Asthma, bronchitis, pulmonary edema
199
solubility differences for CO2 and O2
CO2 is 20x more soluble than oxygen.
