Test 4 review sheet

Question 1

difference betwen a cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 1

cortical has shorter loop of henley. Juxtamedullary has a longer one which allows for more production of concentrated urine.

Question 2

What makes up the filtration membrane

Answer 2

1. simple squamous epithelial cells of the capillaries of the glomerulus 2. basement membrane 3. podocytes

Question 3

Which pressure forces fluid out of the glomerulus

Answer 3

hydrostatic pressure

Question 4

which pressure forces fluid IN the glomerulus

Answer 4

blood colloidal osmotic pressure AND the hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space

Question 5

what is a counter current?

Answer 5

fluid moving in parallel tubes in opposite direction with exchange between the tubes

Question 6

where would you find a counter current?

Answer 6

Loop of henley and vasa recta

Question 7

why is loop of henley called a counter current multiplier?

Answer 7

Because it uses active transport to reabsorb sodium and chloride

Question 8

What would happen if you constrict the afferent artery into the glomerulus?

Answer 8

Less blood flow, less pressure and less GFR

Question 9

What would happen if you dilate the afferent artery into the glomerulus?

Answer 9

More blood flow, increase blood pressure and more GFR

Question 10

What would happen if you constrict the efferent artery into the glomerulus?

Answer 10

Higher blood pressure and higher GFR because the blood back up.

Question 11

What would happen if you dilate the efferent artery into the glomerulus?

Answer 11

less blood pressure and less GFR because the blood can pass more easily.

Question 12

There is a direct relationship between blood hydrostatic pressure and

Answer 12

GFR - Glomerular filtration rate

Question 13

If you increase blood pressure you will increase

Answer 13

GFR

Question 14

If you increase blood pressure you will increase _________ and make more ________

Answer 14

GFR, Filtrate

Question 15

Which arteriole has a larger lumen?

Answer 15

afferent.

Question 16

Why does efferent artery have a smaller lumen?

Answer 16

to keep blood pressure in the glomerulus high so more GFR can occur

Question 17

Why does blood pressure in the glomerulus need to be high

Answer 17

so more GFR and more filtrate can happen

Question 18

What binds to water channels that line the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct and will increase the number of open water channels

Answer 18

ADH - antidiarretic hormone

Question 19

increased water channels will do what?

Answer 19

increase water reabsorption back into the blood

Question 20

what will increase open water channels, decrease the osmolarity, increase blood volume and allow you to make small amounts of concentrated urine?

Answer 20

ADH

Question 21

ADH and Aldosterone will both cause the body to make

Answer 21

small volumes of concentrated urine because you reabsorbed the salt so you make less sodium.

Question 22

ADH is secreted from the

Answer 22

posterior pituitary gland

Question 23

They hypothalamus causes the posterior pituitary gland to increase the release of

Answer 23

ADH

Question 24

ADH will be released when there is ______ ________ in the extracellular fluid

Answer 24

high osmolarity

Question 25

ADH is a _______ that works fast

Answer 25

protein

Question 26

Secretion of ADH is controlled by what two types of receptors?

Answer 26

osmoreceptors and baroreceptors

Question 27

aldosterone is secreted from the

Answer 27

adrenal cortex

Question 28

aldosterone is secreted when

Answer 28

there is low extracellular sodium and high extracellular potassium.

Question 29

Aldosterone travels to the kidneys it is a

Answer 29

steroid hormone or lipid

Question 30

what does adlosterone do

Answer 30

increases the number sodium or chloride transport proteins.

Question 31

normally there is high _____ inside the cell and high________ outside the cell

Answer 31

potassium, sodium

Question 32

What causes more water reabsorption back into the blood when osmolarity is sensed by the hypothalumus?

Answer 32

ADH

Question 33

Why will ADH cause you to make small volumes of urine?

Answer 33

because ADH promotes reabsorption of water back into the blood.

Question 34

Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal cortex in response to

Answer 34

low extracellular sodium and high extracellular potassium

Question 35

Aldosterone travels to the kidneys to increase the number of

Answer 35

sodium and chloride transport proteins

Question 36

aldosterone will help increase the absorption of what?

Answer 36

sodium and chloride which will bring more water. water follows sodium. Blood volume will increase

Question 37

To remove the excess potassium in the extracellular fluid, aldosterone will

Answer 37

secrete it right into the urine bypasses filtration.

Question 38

aldosterone and ADH will both cause the body to produce

Answer 38

small volumes of concentrated urine because you have reabsorbed the salt and water so you make less sodium.

Question 39

When would there typically be low extracellular sodium

Answer 39

trauma or injury to the cells

Question 40

low blood flow and low blood pressure will trigger the glumerular cells to secrete _____

Answer 40

renin.

Question 41

What will change angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1?

Answer 41

Renin

Question 42

Are angiotensinogen and angiotensin 1 active or inactive?

Answer 42

inactive

Question 43

How does angiotensin 1 make angiotensin 2

Answer 43

travels to the lungs where it is cut into angio2 by ACE.

Question 44

is angiotensin 2 active or inactive?

Answer 44

active

Question 45

angiotensin 2 is a potent

Answer 45

vasoconstrictor

Question 46

angiotensin 2 will increase _____ which will increase _______which will increase _______ and increase _________ and make__________

Answer 46

blood pressure, aldosterone production, sodium and chloride reabsoption, blood volume, small amounts of urine.

Question 47

low blood pressure and low blood volume will also stimulate sympathetic nervous system which will increase

Answer 47

vasocontriction.

Question 48

What will not happen during sympathetic stimulation

Answer 48

urine production because you need to reabsorb the water to increase your blood volume

Question 49

renin leads to what very important thing from the lungs?

Answer 49

angiotensin 2

Question 50

angiotensin 2 will increase aldosterone production

Answer 50

true

Question 51

aldosterone will increase

Answer 51

sodium and chloride reabsorption, water follows and increase blood volume and you will make small volumes of concentrated urine. these things will raise the blood pressure and blood volume

Question 52

to raise the blood pressure and blood volume you need

Answer 52

aldosterone.

Question 53

if your arm is in a chipper will you make urine?

Answer 53

NO

Question 54

What happens when you exceed the tubular maximum?

Answer 54

The excess appears in your urine

Question 55

control of micturition

Answer 55

stretch of the bladder. For control there are both internal and external urethral sphincters

Question 56

internal urethral sphincter is

Answer 56

smooth muschle and involuntarily controled

Question 57

external urethral sphincter is

Answer 57

skeletal muscle and voluntary controle.

Question 58

both urethral sphincters need to ______ inorder to void bladder

Answer 58

relax

Question 59

kidneys are retroperitoneal which means they are

Answer 59

out of the peritoneal cavity along the body wall.

Question 60

blood pressure is higher in the ____, why?

Answer 60

glomerulus because of the anatomy of the smaller efferent artery.

Question 61

between the glomerulus, the vasa recta, the efferent, afferent and peritubular capillaries, which has the highest blood pressure?

Answer 61

glomerulus. Because of the anatomy.

Question 62

what happens in the glomerulus

Answer 62

filtration

Question 63

what happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 63

reabsorption of everything.

Question 64

what happens in the descending loop of Henley?

Answer 64

reabsorption of mostly water

Question 65

what happens in the ascending loop of henley

Answer 65

reabsorption of sodium and chloride - NEVER WATER!

Question 66

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Answer 66

additional reabsorption of sodium chloride and water under hormonal control!

Question 67

What is the effect on reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubule when ADH is present?

Answer 67

No effect. ADH only effect the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 68

What is the effect on water reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule when ADH is present?

Answer 68

Water reabsorption will go up.

Question 69

Hormones only work in the

Answer 69

last part of the nephron

Question 70

blood osmolarity

Answer 70

= 300

Question 71

filtrate osmolarity

Answer 71

300

Question 72

in the proximal convoluted tubule the osmolarity remains

Answer 72

300

Question 73

the descending limb of the loop of henly reabsorps water so when it gets to the tip the osmolarity is

Answer 73

highest it will ever be - 1200

Question 74

the osmolarity towards the distal convoluted tubule is the

Answer 74

lowest it will ever be | 100 because the ascending limb reabsorbs sodium and chloride

Question 75

if no hormones were present and you were to void when the fluid is around the DCT you have have

Answer 75

large volumes of dilute urine

Question 76

more hormone gives you more

Answer 76

effect

Question 77

if you have ADH and Aldosterone present you will increase

Answer 77

water and salt reabsorption so your osmolarity can be as high as 1200.

Question 78

what substances shouldn't be in your urine

Answer 78

RBC, WBC and large proteins and glucose

Question 79

why should there be no RBC, WBC or large proteins in your urine?

Answer 79

too large to fit across the filtration membrane

Question 80

why should you not have glucose?

Answer 80

because all of your glucose should be reabsorbed.

Question 81

things that are in your urine?

Answer 81

water with lots of small things, electrolytes along with waste products like urea

Question 82

blood pressure is directly related to

Answer 82

GFR

Question 83

the glomerulus has the highest blood pressure in the nephron

Answer 83

true

Question 84

when you have an increase in hormones, overall you will have less urine and more

Answer 84

water reabsorption back into the blood.

Question 85

what is the major hormone that regulates potassium

Answer 85

aldosterone!

Question 86

what is the difference between extracellular and intracellular fluid?

Answer 86

extracellular has more sodium, intracellular has more potassium.

Question 87

sensible perspiration

Answer 87

sweat

Question 88

insensible perspiration

Answer 88

water loss from lungs and skin that you don't feel or sense.

Question 89

PH is the measure of

Answer 89

concentration of free hydrogen ions on a scale 0-14

Question 90

As you increase free hydrogen you

Answer 90

lower the PH

Question 91

what is a neutral PH

Answer 91

7

Question 92

less than 7 on the PH scale is

Answer 92

acidic

Question 93

greater than 7 on the PH scale is

Answer 93

basic

Question 94

An acid will increase concentration of

Answer 94

free hydrogen

Question 95

base will decrease the concentration of

Answer 95

free hydrogen.

Question 96

buffer system is

Answer 96

a weak acid and a weak base working together

Question 97

What is acidosis?

Answer 97

PH is less than 7.35

Question 98

What is alkalosis

Answer 98

PH is greater than 7.45

Question 99

In metabolic acidosis you have a

Answer 99

low PH and lots of free hydrogen

Question 100

in metabolic alkalosis you have a

Answer 100

high PH and low free hydrogen

Question 101

how do you fix metabolic acidosis and alkalosis?

Answer 101

chemical buffer systems

Question 102

what does the respiratory system do about metabolic acidosis

Answer 102

increase in respiratory rate to have less Co2, less free hydrogen and PH goes up

Question 103

what does the respiratory system do about metabolic alkalosis

Answer 103

decreased respiratory rate which raises co2 and free hydrogen and will lower the PH

Question 104

what does the urinary system do about metabolic acidosis

Answer 104

increase hydrogen secretion into the urine, increase bicarbonate reabsorption back into the blood

Question 105

what does the urinary system do about metabolic alkalosis

Answer 105

increase hydrogen reabsorption and increase bicarbonate secretion.

Question 106

If you have metabolic acidosis or alkalosis you can have any buffer system working (resp, urinary) BUT if the problem is in the lungs only the urinary buffer system will be able to help

Answer 106

TRUE

Question 107

3 major buffer systems in the urine

Answer 107

bicarbonate, phosphate and ammonia

Question 108

if you have hypo ventilation or low respiratory rate you have

Answer 108

have a low respiratory rate you have more Co2, more free hydrogen and a lower PH

Question 109

If you have Hyperventilation

Answer 109

respiration rate goes up you have less co2, less free hydrogen and PH goes up.