Lab Lymphatic Flashcards
1
Q
Is the flow of lymph fluid to the heart unidirectional or bidirectional
A
unidirectional
Tissues —> Heart
(ensuring lymph flows
only toward heart)
2
Q
What is a network
of drainage vessels
-
A
Lymphatic vessels
3
Q
How is interstitial fluid taken into the lymphatic system?
A
Lymohatic Capillaries
4
Q
A
5
Q
What regions of the body do the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts?
A
6
Q
A
cisterna chyli
7
Q
Which side is drained by thoracic duct
A
Left (Red)
8
Q
What drains the right upper arm
and right side of the head and thorax and
head and drains into the right subclavian vein
A
Right lymphatic Duct
9
Q
Which side is drained by Thoracic Duct
A
Left (Red)
10
Q
Where do B-Cells Mature?
A
Bone marrow
11
Q
Where Do T cells Mature
A
12
Q
What structure in the lymphatic system filters lymph fluid?
A
Lymph Nodes
13
Q
blood-rich organ about
size of fist, located in left
hypochondriac region, inferior to
the diaphragm and posterolateral
to the stomach
A
Spleen
14
Q
Largest lymphoid organ
A
Spleen
15
Q
A
Spleen
16
Q
What area in the spleen are WBCs found?
site where immune function
occurs (lymphocytes and macrophages)
A
17
Q
A
Subcapsular sinus
18
Q
A
subcapsular sinus
19
Q
A
Medullary Sinus
(middle space)
20
Q
A
Medullary Cord
21
Q
A
22
Q
A
23
Q
A
Cortex
24
Q
A
Medulla
25
26
What is the term used to describe an infection of the tonsils?
Tonsilitis
27
What are the names of the 3 types of tonsils?
28
# What type of Tonsils
located on the wall of the pharynx, just behind the nasal cavity.
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
29
# What type of tonsil
Located At the posterior margin of the oral cavity.:
Palatine tonsils
30
Acute inflammation of the palatine tonsils, usually caused by a Streptococcus infection.
tonsillitis
31
# What type of Tonsil
At the root of the tongue, concentrated in patches on each side.
Lingual tonsils
32
Which nodes
Cervical nodes
33
Wha nodes are located upper limb and breast
Axillary Nodes
34
Which node is located in the entire lower limb
35
What is the first structure that absorbs lymph from tissues?
Lymphatic Capillaries
36
path of lymph flow
37
Once interstitial fluid enters
lymphatics, it is called...
Lymph
38
The Right Lymphatic Duct Drains Lymph collected from upper right area and feeds them to WHAT
Internal Jugular Vein
39
Larger Thoracic Duct takes lymph from the rest of the body, and dumps it into what vein
Subclavian Vein
40
Which organ receives immature T cells, then raises them to maturity and later then releases them?
Thymus
41
42
Anatomy of Lymph Node
43
1
44
Functions of Lymphatic System
45
Which system does the lymphatic system work closely with to return excess fluid to circulation?
The circulatory (cardiovascular) system
46
How does the lymphatic system contribute to immunity?
It houses immune cells (lymphocytes) in lymph nodes, the spleen, and other structures to help detect and fight infections.
47
Immune Cells
Lymphocytes
48
What Houses developing lymphocytes and
secretes hormones that regulate their
later activity
Thymus
49
50
What filters lymph + help destroy pathogens and debris before returning the fluid to the bloodstream.
Lymph Nodes
51
Lymphatic system help maintain fluid balance by collecting excess interstitial fluid and returns it to WHAT?
BloodStream
51
Which primary lymphoid organs are involved in immune cell maturation?
52
clear fluid derived from interstitial fluid that is collected by lymphatic vessels and returned to the bloodstream.
Lymph
53
blind-ended vessels that absorb excess fluid from tissues and transport it into larger lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic capillaries
54
55
Primary lymphoid organ where maturation of B cells
occurs
Red Bone Marrow
56
Primary lymphoid organ where maturation of T cells occurs
Thymus
57
What do Lymph nodes contain that detect and destroy harmful substances like bacteria, viruses, and debris.
immune cells
58
Clusters of lymphatic tissue in mucous membranes (like in the digestive and respiratory tracts) that help fight infections.
MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)
59
lymphatic tissue in the throat that trap and destroy pathogens from inhaled air and food.
Tonsils
60
large lymphatic vessel in the abdomen that collects lymph from the lower body and drains it into the thoracic duct.
cisterna chyli
61
largest lymphatic vessel in the body
Thoracic duct
62
What constantly patrol lymphatic tissues to detect and respond to infections.
Lymphocytes
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Medullary cord
-
Look for purple staining regions of cells involved with filtration and immune cells (B cells, plasma cell, macrophages, and reticular cells).
71
72
73
73
Lymphoid Nodules
74
74
Medullary Sinus
74
Pharyngeal Tonsils
74
74
75
Peyers Patches
75
What type of tonsils\?
palatine
76
# $
77
77
78
79
lymph node
80
80
Trace the path of lymph flow from a lymph capillary to where they empty in the subclavian veins
81
82
83
84
white
85
macrophages
86
lymphocytes
87
cortex
88
spleen
89
peyers patches
90
spleen
91
tonsils
92
# $
thoracic duct
93
Diaphragm
94
Trachea
95
Larynx
96
Pharynx
97
Nasal cavity
98
Epiglottis
99
Thyroid Cartilage --> Laryngeal Prominence
100
Cricoid Cartilage
101
102
103
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
104
What fissure separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung?
Horizontal fissure.
105
What fissure separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung?
Oblique fissure
106
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes: Superior and Inferior.
107
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lobes (Superior and Inferior)
108
What fissure does the left lung have?
Only the Oblique fissure.
109
Why is the right lung shorter than the left lung?
Because the liver is located higher on the right side.
110
Why is the left lung narrower than the right lung?
To make space for the left tilt of the heart apex.
111
Which lung is more narrow?
LEFT
112
What side of the lung has cardiac impression (notch)
left
113
Where are odors detected in the nasal cavity?
In the olfactory epithelium located at the roof of the nasal fossa.
114
What type of epithelium is the olfactory epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with immobile cilia.
115
What lines the rest of the nasal cavity (except the vestibule)?
Respiratory epithelium.
116
What type of epithelium is the respiratory epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with mobile cilia.
117
What is the role of goblet cells in respiratory epithelium?
They secrete mucus to trap particles.
118
What is the function of the cilia in respiratory epithelium?
Propel mucus posteriorly towards the pharynx.
119
What is the mucociliary escalator?
A defense mechanism where mucus traps particles, and cilia move the mucus to the pharynx to be swallowed or spit out.
120
What are the two main types of epithelium in the nasal cavity?
Olfactory epithelium and Respiratory epithelium.
121
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
On the roof of the nasal cavity (nasal fossa).
122
What type of epithelium is the olfactory epithelium?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with immobile cilia.
123
Where is the respiratory epithelium located in the nasal cavity?
It lines most of the nasal cavity (except vestibule and olfactory region).
124
What is the function of the respiratory epithelium?
Filters, warms, and humidifies air and moves mucus towards the pharynx.
125
Are goblet cells present in the respiratory epithelium?
Yes, they secrete mucus.
126
Does the olfactory epithelium have goblet cells?
No, it does not.
127
Alveolar Sac
128
Alveolus
129
What percentage of the alveolar surface do Type I alveolar cells cover?
95%
130
Alveolar Macrophages (Dust Cells)
131
What is the function of alveolar macrophages (dust cells)?
Engulf debris, dust, and pathogens to keep the alveoli clean.
132
What type of epithelium are Type II alveolar cells
Cuboidal epithelium
133
What type of epithelium are Type I alveolar cells
Simple squamous epithelium.
134
: What Secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse.
Type II
135
What type of epithelium are in Type II alveolar cells
Cuboidal epithelium.
136
which bones form the nasal septum and split the cavity into 2 sections
137
What are the two main bones that form the bony part of the nasal septum?
138
Which bone forms the superior + inferior part of the nasal septum?
superior= Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
Inferior = vomer
139
The type of cartilage found in the nasal septum
Hyaline Cartilage
140
Q: What are the main cartilages that form the external nose?
Lateral nasal cartilages, alar cartilages, and septal cartilage.
141
blue
nasopharynx
142
green
oropharynx
143
larynopharynx
144
What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
A: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium).
145
: What type of epithelium lines the laryngopharynx+ Oropharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
146
trachea
147
148
What structure is located immediately posterior to the trachea?
The esophagus lies directly posterior to the trachea.
149
Which structures are found anterior to the trachea in the neck region?
Anterior to the trachea, you find the thyroid gland, the strap muscles, and in the thorax, the sternum forms the anterior boundary.
150
What lies posterior to the larynx?
hypopharynx) and the cervical vertebral column.
151
What is anterior to the larynx?
Skin, soft tissue, and the thyroid gland (lower portion).
152
What is posterior to the larynx?
The laryngopharynx (hypopharynx) and cervical vertebrae.
153
What is inferior to the larynx?
The trachea.
154
What is anterior to the trachea?
The thyroid gland (lower part) and sternum.
155
What is posterior to the trachea?
The esophagus.
156
What is superior to the trachea?
The larynx.
157
158
What type of epithelium lines the trachea and bronchi?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (for mucus production and ciliary movement).
159
What type of epithelium is present in the alveoli?
Simple squamous epithelium (for efficient gas exchange).
160
161
In which division of the respiratory system does gas exchange occur?
Respiratory division (includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli).
162
What is the function of the conducting division of the respiratory system?
It warms, humidifies, and conducts air but does not participate in gas exchange (includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles).
163
What is the function of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?
Goblet cells secrete mucus, which traps dust, pathogens, and debris. The mucus is then moved by cilia to clear the airways.$
164
chemical equation for the bicarbonate buffer system.
165
What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of CO2 to bicarbonate and the reverse?
Carbonic anhydrase (found in red blood cells).
166
167
What is the typical volume of Residual Volume (RV)?
Residual Volume (RV) is the amount of air that always remains in the lungs to keep the alveoli compressed.
## Footnote
Typical volume: ~1200 mL.
168
What is the importance of Residual Volume (RV) in lung function?
Residual Volume (RV) helps keep the alveoli expanded, preventing lung collapse (atelectasis) between breaths.
169
What is the typical volume of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after a normal exhalation.
## Footnote
Typical volume: 1000–1200 mL.
170
What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after a normal exhalation.
## Footnote
Typical volume: 1000–1200 mL.
171
What is the typical volume of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the tidal volume.
## Footnote
Typical volume: 2100–3200 mL.
172
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the tidal volume.
## Footnote
Typical volume: 2100–3200 mL.
173
What is the typical volume of Tidal Volume (TV)?
Tidal Volume (TV) is the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs during quiet respiration.
## Footnote
Typical volume: ~500 mL per breath.
174
What is Tidal Volume (TV)?
Tidal Volume (TV) is the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs during quiet respiration (normal breathing).
## Footnote
Typical volume: ~500 mL per breath.
175
What muscle is primarily responsible for inhalation?
Diaphragm (contracts and moves downward).
176
What muscle helps lift the ribs during inhalation?
External intercostal muscles (lift the ribs upward and outward).
177
What happens to lung pressure during inhalation?
Intrapulmonary pressure drops below atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs.
178
What muscle is primarily responsible for exhalation?
Diaphragm (relaxes and moves upward).
179
What muscles help during forced exhalation?
Internal intercostal muscles (pull ribs downward) and abdominal muscles (push diaphragm up).
180
What happens to lung pressure during exhalation?
Intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow out of the lungs.
181
What is the pressure relationship during inhalation?
Intrapulmonary pressure < Atmospheric pressure (air moves into lungs).
182
What is the pressure relationship during exhalation?
Intrapulmonary pressure > Atmospheric pressure (air moves out of lungs).
183
: How does lung volume affect pressure during breathing?
184
# c
185
What physics law explains the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs?
Boyle’s Law – Pressure and volume are inversely related (when one increases, the other decreases).
186
How does Boyle’s Law apply to inhalation?
Lung volume increases → Pressure decreases → Air flows into the lungs.
187
How does Boyle’s Law apply to exhalation?
Lung volume decreases → Pressure increases → Air flows out of the lungs.
188
Why does air move in and out of the lungs?
Air moves from high pressure to low pressure, driven by Boyle’s Law during breathing.
