Lab manual 2 part 2

Question 1

what is the skull made of

Answer 1

The skull is comprised of the cranium (cranial bones) and the facial bones. In an adult, all the
Skull bones are fused together except the mandible, as this is the only moveable bone.

Question 2

where is the frontal bone located

Answer 2

in the front of the skull

Question 3

where is the parietal bone located

Answer 3

in the back of the top of the skull

Question 4

where is the occipital bone located

Answer 4

in the buttom of the back of the skull

Question 5

where is the facial bone located

Answer 5

in the face

Question 6

what is the mandible

Answer 6

the jaw

Question 7

what is the verebral column

Answer 7

The vertebral column (spine) is composed of vertebrae (singular = vertebra), and the sacrum
and coccyx (aka tailbone).

Question 8

what is the Cervical bone

Answer 8

this is the neck part of the spine, it has a large who in it to allow blood vescles to go through. These bones
function to support the skull and permit controlled head and neck movements.

Question 9

what is the thoracic bone

Answer 9

medium-sized vertebrae, providing support and some movement within this region,
along with articular surfaces for the ribs.

Question 10

what is the Lumbar bone

Answer 10

located in the abdominal area with the function to support the weight of the head, neck,
upper limbs and trunk.

Question 11

What is the sacral bone

Answer 11

consists of vertebrae fused together that form the posterior wall of the pelvic girdle.

Question 12

what is the coccyx bone

Answer 12

fused vertebrae (varies between individuals), forming a single bone.
The most inferior region of the vertebral column.

Question 13

how many vertebral bones are in the cervical region

Answer 13

7

Question 14

how many vertebral bones are in the thoracic region

Answer 14

12

Question 15

how many vertebral bones are in the Lumbar region

Answer 15

5

Question 16

how many vertebral bones are in the sacral region

Answer 16

5

Question 17

how many vertebral bones are in the coccyx region

Answer 17

2-3

Question 18

how many vertebral bones are there overall

Answer 18

31-32

Question 19

what is and the function of the thoracic cage

Answer 19

The bones of the chest, or the thoracic cage, provide bony support to the walls of the thoracic
cavity. The thoracic cage also protects many vital organs and other structures, and also
provides attachment sites for muscles involved with: breathing, and maintaining posture

Question 20

what is appedicular skeleton

Answer 20

The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the limbs, and the supporting bone girdles that
attach the limbs to the axial skeleton (trunk).

Question 21

what are the 4 main classification of bones

Answer 21

long
flat
short
irregular

Question 22

what is the function of fibours joints

Answer 22

This joint is designed so that the articulating bones are held firmly together, and allow only
minimal, or no movement.
(For example the surface of the skull)

Question 23

what is the function of the cartilaginous joints

Answer 23

For these types of joints, there is a layer of fibrocartilage between the articulating bone ends.
Due to this arrangement of structures, the bone ends are firmly held together, but there is a
small amount of movement (An example of this type of joint is the intervertebral joint)

Question 24

what is the function of the intervertebral disc

Answer 24

it functions as a shock absurbtion for the verbal column

Question 25

what is the function of the synovial joint

Answer 25

These types of joints are highly mobile. Synovial joints allow movement through a very wide range (There is no direct bone-to-bone attachment by tissue at the bone ends; instead, the ends are held together by a connective tissue)

Question 26

What other components are essential to the structure of a synovial joint?

Answer 26

Synovial cavity, synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid, hyaline articular cartilage

Question 27

structure: what is the function of the joint capsule

Answer 27

function: Encloses the synovial joint, holding the bone ends loosely together

Question 28

structure: what is the function of the capsular ligiments

Answer 28

Function: Thickenings of the joint capsule. Function to reinforce particular aspects of the joint capsule.

Question 29

structure: what is the function of the Synovial cavity

Answer 29

Function: Potential space between bone ends. Filled with synovial fluid.

Question 30

structure: what is the function of the Synovial membrane

Answer 30

Function: Lines the inner surfaces of the structures within the joint, except the bone surfaces lined with articular cartilage. Secretes synovial fluid

Question 31

structure: what is the function of the synovial fluid

Answer 31

Function: Provides lubrication to the joint. Acts as a shock absorber and contains nutrients for distribution to the articular cartilage.

Question 32

structure: what is the function of Articular cartilage

Answer 32

Function: Lines the surfaces of the articulating bone ends. Comprised of hyaline cartilage.

Question 33

describe the movment: felxion

Answer 33

Decreases the angle between two bones at a joint. This movement is in the sagittal plane.

Question 34

describe the movment: extention

Answer 34

Opposite movement to flexion, usually results in the straightening of the joint. This movement occurs in the sagittal plane.

Question 35

describe the movment: abduction

Answer 35

Movement away from the median plane of the body.

Question 36

describe the movment: adduction

Answer 36

Reverse of abduction, i.e. towards the median plane. As for abduction, this movement is in the coronal plane.

Question 37

describe the movment: rotation

Answer 37

Turning, or spinning, of a bone at a joint around its long axis. This movement occurs in the transverse plane. For example, the rotating of your femur at the hip so that your toes face inward, is an example of medial rotation.

Question 38

which movments occur in the coronal plane

Answer 38

abduction and adduction

Question 39

which movments occur in the sagittal plane

Answer 39

flextion and extention

Question 40

which movments occur in the transverse plane

Answer 40

rotation

Question 41

what movment is pronation

Answer 41

checking the watch

Question 42

what movment is supination

Answer 42

holding soop

Question 43

what movment does retraction cause

Answer 43

moving a part of the body in the horizontal plane, backwards.

Question 44

what movment does protraction cause

Answer 44

moving a part of the body in the horizontal plane, forwards.