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BIOL 133 > Lab Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Lab Midterm #1 Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Blood

A
  • a unique type of connective tissue
  • blood cells are supported in a fluid matrix of blood plasma
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2
Q

Blood plasma

A

makes up 55% of the blood volume and is mostly water

also contains electrolytes, plasma proteins, nitrogenous waste products, nutrients, gases, and hormones

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3
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

makes up 45% of blood volume

there are 3 types
- erythrocytes (45%)
- leukocytes (<1%)
platelets(<1%)

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4
Q

Erythrocytes

A

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body

red blood cell

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4
Q

Leukocytes

A

protect our body against infections and diseases

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5
Q

Platelets

A

responsible for blood clotting

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6
Q

Hematology

A

the study of blood

tests include -> blood counts, hemoglobin, clotting time determinations, sedimentation rates

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7
Q

Hematocrit (packed cell volume (PCV))

A

one of the most useful measures of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

determined by comparing the height of red blood cells with the height of plasma and other cells

dividing the value 3 times will give the approximate hemoglobin value

measures the % of red blood cells in your blood

the value of hematocrit = the % of erythrocytes

average for men = 47% (range is 40%-54%)

average for women = 42% (range is 37%-47%)

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8
Q

Hemoglobin

A

protein contained in red blood cells that is responsible for delivery of oxygen

measures of hematocrit is approximately 3x greater then hemoglobin (gHb/dl)

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9
Q

Buffy coat

A

white blood cells and platelets that are on top of the red blood cells after being spun in a centrifuge

the plasma is on top of the buffy coat

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10
Q

Hemocytometer

A

a counting chamber to count red blood cells

has a grid pattern -> 5 squares = 1mm

can also be used to count white blood cells

large squares are used

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11
Q

red blood cell count equation

A

RBC count = number of cells counted x 200 / 0.02mm3

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12
Q

Anemia

A

a condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is low because of a deficiency of hemoglobin

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13
Q

RBC count

A

living in higher altitudes will result in a higher than normal rbc count for all individuals

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14
Q

Polycythemia

A

a condition in which there are higher than normal rbc counts, due to living at high altitudes, chronic lung disorders, heart defects

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15
Q

Antigens

A

specialized molecules on the surface of cells to determine whether the cell they are attached to belongs to the body or is foreign

generate an immune response when they bind to a anitbody

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16
Q

Antibody

A

produced by the immune system to bind to foreign antigens

can only bind to a specific antigen, and do not usually bind to our own antigens

when an antibody binds to an antigen it generates an immune response that removes or destroys the foreign material

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17
Q

Agglutination

A

reacted anitbodies and antigens clump together and destroys foreign material

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18
Q

Blood type groups

A

determined by the presence or absence of specific subtypes of antigens on red blood cells

genetically determined

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19
Q

Antisera

A

contains specific antibodies against one type of antigen

add a few drops to an individuals sample of blood and watch for agglutination

determines blood type

anti-A antiserum = antibodies against type a antigens

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20
Q

Rh (D)

A

Rh+ individuals carry antigen D on their red blood cells and do not form antibodies against the antigen

Rh- individuals don’t carry antigen D on their red blood cells and don’t form antibodies against the antigen naturally
- they will only form anitbodies after being exposed to Rh+ blood -> there will be no agglutination after the first exposure, but there will be after the first time

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21
Q

Transfusion rule

A

make sure the antigens of the donor do not match the antibodies of the recipients -> will result in agglutination

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22
Q

Universal recipients

A

blood type AB can receive blood types A, B, AB, and O

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23
Q

Universal donors

A

blood type O can be given to anyone with blood types A, B, AB, O

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24
5 different types of leukocytes (white blood cells)
granulocytes - neutrophils (50-70%) - eosinophils (2-4%) - basophils (<1%) agranulocytes - lymphocytes (20-40%) - monocytes (2-8%)
25
Granulocytes
white blood cells with cytoplasmic granules - neutrophils -> multi-lobed nucleus and pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules. Phagocytize bacteria - eosinophils -> bi-lobed nucleus and red cytoplasmic granules. Defend body against parasitic worms and plays a role in allergy responses - basophils -> bi-lobed nucleus and purplish-black cytoplasmic granules. Produces histamine to initiate inflammation responses
26
Agranulocytes
white blood cells lacking cytoplasmic granules - lymphocytes -> large spherical nucleus. functions in the lymphatic system to produce antibodies or recognize virus infected cells - monocytes-> kidney or U-shaped nucleus. Becomes macrophages to phagocytize foreign objects
27
White blood cell count equation
white blood cell count = number of cells counted x 200 / 0.4mm3
28
Normal range of leukocytes
5000 to 10000 cells per mm3
29
Leukocytosis
when an individuals count of WBC exceeds 11000 per mm3
30
Leukopenia
when an individuals count of WBC is lower than 4800 per mm3
31
Differential white blood cell count
blood is stained with Wright's stain, white blood cells can be easily differentiated by nuclei and cytoplasmic granules the 5 different types of cells are recorded as a percentage
32
Neutrophilia
high counts of neutrophils may signal localized infections
33
Neutropenia
decreased numbers of neutrophils occurs in typhoid fever, influenza
34
Eosinophilia
high counts of eosinophils indicates allergic conditions or parasitic invasions
35
Lymphocytosis
high counts of lymphocytes viral infections
36
Absolute differential white blood cell count
calculated by multiplying the differential count percentages by the total white blood cells per mm3 used because the differential white blood cell count can be misleading -> the percentage of one type may appear to be abnormal if the proportion of the other types is elevated of decreased but it is actually in normal ranges and the other cells are abnormal
37
5 major functions of the cardiovascular system
- transport nutrients/wastes (erythrocytes - red blood cells) - transport of hormones (plasma) - regulation (plasma) -protection against foreign objects (leukocytes) - prevention from loss of fluids (platelets)
38
Flow of blood through the heart
deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava -> enters the right atrium -> passes through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) -> enters the right ventricle -> passes through the semilunar valve -> enters the pulmonary trunk -> splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries -> enters the lungs -> oxygenated blood from the lungs enter the left and right pulmonary veins -> enters the left atrium -> passes through the bicuspid valve (mitral or left atrioventricular valve) -> enter the left ventricle -> passes through the semilunar valve -> enters the aorta to be circulated through the body
39
Chordae tendinae
strong fibrous strings in the bicuspid and tricuspid valves that are attached to small mounds of muscle tissue of the ventricular walls called papillary muscles the papillary muscles prevent the cusps from opening back into the atria when the ventricles contract
40
Left vs right ventricle
right ventricle has thinner walls than the left ventricle -> right only has to pump blood to the lungs whereas left has to pump blood to the body
41
Flow of the hearts blood supply
the first branches of the aorta are the left and right coronary arteries -> blood flows to the heart and passes through the capillaries of the myocardium (muscle tissue of heart) -> blood is drained by cardiac veins -> joins the coronary sinus-> is emptied into the right atrium
42
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart have thicker, more muscular and elastic walls, and smaller lumens than veins
43
Veins
carry blood toward the heart rely on skeletal muscle contractions and valves in their lumens to return blood to the heart
44
capillaries
tiny vessels where gas, nutrients, and waste exchange occurs red blood cells must pass through one cell at a time
45
brachiocephalic trunk
right common carotid and right subclavian arteries leave the aorta as one vessel and then branch off
46
aortic arch
the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian arteries leave from the aortic arch (anterior portion of the aorta)
47
descending aorta
passes though the thoracic cavity and diaphragm into the abdominal cavity
48
abdominal aorta
most arteries branch off in pairs -> right and left renal arteries some leading to the viscera are unpaired -> celiac trunk and the superior(supplies pancreas and intestines) /inferior (supplies the colon) mesenteric arteries the abdominal aorta ends in the pelvis when it splits into the left and right common iliac arteries
49
Tunica interna
endothelial cells that are attached to a layer of elastic fibres found in both arteries and veins
50
tunica media
the thickest layer of the wall -> consists of elastic fibres, connective tissues, and smooth muscle found in both arteries and veins
51
tunica externa
mainly fibrous connective tissue that prevents the artery from collapsing found in both arteries and veins
52
Mediastinum
area of the thoracic cavity where the heart is found between the lungs
53
cardiac cycle
all events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during a single heartbeat
54
Atrial and ventricular distole
walls of both the atria and ventricles are relaxed blood flows through the atria directly into the ventricles
55
Sinoatrial (SA) node
known as the pacemaker of the heart initiates an action potential (depolarization) in the atria that causes it to contract begins atrial systole
56
Atrioventricular (AV) node
the action potential from the SV node stimulates the AV node which in turn excites the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers which stimulates the ventricles to contract begins ventricular systole -> the rising pressure in the ventricles will cause the AV valves to close
57
"lubb"
occurs when the AV valves are closed during ventricular systole
58
"dubb"
occurs when the semilunar valves are closed as the pressure in the ventricles drop during diastole
59
Incompetence
abnormal sounds heard during auscultation when valves close incompletely
60
Stenosis
abnormal sounds heard during auscultation when there is scarring that prevents valves from opening properly
61
P wave
shows the voltage changes cause be the depolarization of the atria prior to contraction
62
QRS waves
shows the voltage changes caused by depolarization of the ventricles prior to contraction
63
T wave
results from the repolarization of the ventricles
64
pulse pressure
the difference between systolic and diastolic values in a BP reading an increase in pulse pressure is an indication of increased inelasticity of arteries
65
Compare/contrast of the cardio vascular system and the respiratory system
similarities - both have a branching system - both have very thin walls to allow gas exchange -> capillaries and alveoli differences - in and out -> respiratory - continuous, uni-directional -> cardiac - gas can be compressed and needs cartilage in the respiratory system to prevent collapsing of the trachea - liquid cant be compressed and the cardiac system doesn't need cartilage in the arteries/veins because the liquid will keep them open
66
Lobes in the lung
there are 3 in the right and 2 in the left
67
Spirometer
measures the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs during ventilation collects information to make a spirogram
68
tidal volume (TV)
the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle average volume = 200-600mL
69
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
the amount of air that one can expire beyond the tidal volume average in adults = 1200ml
70
residual volume
air that remains in the alveoli and airways are the ERV assume RV is 1200ml
71
vital capacity (VC)
add together the IRV, TV, ERV
72
predicted vital capacity equation
VC (male)= height(cm) x (27.63 - 0.112 x age(years)) VC (female) = height(cm) x (21.78 - 0.101 x age(years)) measured VC should be within 20% of the predicted VC
73
IRV equation
IRV = VC - (TV+ERV)
74
minute ventilation
the amount of tidal volume air that passes in and out of the lungs in one min minute ventilation = # respirations / 1 min x TV expressed as ml/min
75
alveolar ventilation
determines the amount of air the reaches the alveoli for gas exchange alveolar ventilation = # respirations / 1min x (TV - weight (lbs))
76
anatomical dead space
air that does not reach the alveoli for gas exchange the amount of dead air in a normal individual is numerically equal to their weight in pounds 145lbs = 145ml
77
Forced Expiratory Volume test
measures the amount of air expelled in one second should be around 75% FEV1 = volume air expelled (1 sec) / volume air expelled (total) x 100%
78
Catabolic
the breakdown of molecules, releases energy
79
Salivary glands
parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland
80
lower esophageal sphincter
the sphincter connecting the esophagus to the stomach
81
pyloric sphincter
stomach contents leave through the sphincter and enter the intestines
82
liver
secretes bile salts that aids in the digestion of fats
83
gall bladders
in humans they store bile rats dont have gall bladders, the bile travels directly from the liver to a tiny bile duct which joins the small intestine near the stomach
84
pancreas
secretes acinar cells enters the duodenum through small pancreatic ducts is an exocrine and endocrine organ
85
Amylase
helps digest carbohydrates is found in saliva
86
Pepsin
helps digest proteins found in the stomach
87
pancreatic lipase
helps digest lipids found in the small intestine
88
digestion of carbs
uses hydrolysis (uses water to break bonds) to break down starches amylase is an enzyme that hydrolyses starches -> dextrins -> maltose iodine -> starch turns blue -> dextrins turns purple/red -> maltose stays clear
89
digestion of proteins
is digested by pepsin pepsin breaks down protein into smaller units of amino acids called peptides
90
Digestion of lipids
most of the fats in our diet are triglycerides -> consists of a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides (water soluble, easier to absorb than triglycerides) -> one glycerol molecule with one fatty acid these smaller molecules can be absorbed the fatty acid heads made the solution more acidic making it turn white
91
bile salts
aid in the digestion of lipids by breaking down large droplets of insoluble fats

BIOL 133 (5 decks)

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