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BIOL 133 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

“flight or fight” response
“rest and digest” response

controls involuntary responses

PNS-> motor division-> ANS-> sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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2
Q

muscle controlled by the ANS

A

smooth, cardiac, and glandular tissue

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3
Q

ANS Primary Responsibilities

A

to regulate homeostatic mechanisms in the body

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4
Q

Sympathetic division of the ANS

A

originates out of the lateral horn of the thoracolumbar spinal cord system

a central neuron (part of the CNS) in the lateral horn of any of these spinal regions projects ganglia adjacent to the vertebral column through the ventral spinal roots

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5
Q

Ventral spinal roots

A

allow motor neurons to exit the spinal cord

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6
Q

Dorsal spinal roots

A

allow sensory neurons to enter the spinal cord

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7
Q

Afferent

A

from the PNS to the CNS

sensory neurons send signals to the CNS for integration

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8
Q

Efferent

A

from the CNS to the PNS

motor neurons send signals to the PNS for movement

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9
Q

Sympathetic system ganglia

A

majority belong to a network of sympathetic chain ganglia that run alongside the vertebral column

23 ganglia in the chain on either side of the spinal column

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10
Q

23 ganglia in the sympathetic chain

A

3 corresponds to the cervical region
12 are in the thoracic region
4 are in the lumbar region
4 corresponds to the sacral region

the cervical and sacral levels aren’t connected to the spinal cord directly through spinal roots
- instead though ascending/descending connections from bridges within the chain

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11
Q

Connections of the sympathetic division

A

neurons from the lateral horns (preganglionic nerve fibers) -> project to chain ganglia on either side of the vertebral column/ collateral ganglia (prevertebral) anterior to the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity -> axons from the ganglionic neurons (postganglionc nerve fibres) project to target effectors throughout the body

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12
Q

Sympathetic response

A

preganglionic fibers (neurons in the lateral horn) release ACh -> excites the ganglionic neuron through the nicotinic receptor -> postganglionic fibres (axon from the ganglionic neuron) projects to a target effector -> releases norepinephrine to bind to an adrenergic receptor -> causes a change in the physiology of the organ

the postganglionic connections to sweat glands and blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles are an exception - they release ACh onto muscarinic receptors

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13
Q

Connection to the adrenal medulla

A

a specialized preganglionic connection to the adrenal medulla causes epinephrine and norepinephrine to release into the bloodstream

allows the sympathetic chemical signal to spread throughout the body quickly and effect many organ systems at once

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14
Q

Chromaffin Cells

A

cells in the adrenal medulla that are contacted by the preganglionic fibres

chromaffin cells are neurosecretory cells -> functionally a sympathetic ganglion

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

A

the output is based in the brain stem and the sacral spinal cord (the craniosacral system)

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16
Q

Parasympathetic response

A

neurons from particular nuclei in the brain stem or the lateral horn of the sacral spinal cord (preganglionic neurons) -> project to terminal ganglia (intramural) located close to or within the wall of target effectors

preganglionic neurons also release ACh onto nicotinic receptors -> excite ganglionic neurons (postganglionic neurons) -> contact target tissues within organs to release ACh -> binds with muscarinic receptors -> induces rest and digest responses

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17
Q

Chemical Signalling in the ANS

A

signalling molecules used in the ANS are released from axons and are either neurotransmitters or hormones

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18
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

directly interact with the effector

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19
Q

Hormones

A

are released into the bloodstream

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20
Q

Synapses in the ANS

A

instead of having synaptic bulbs at the end of each axonal fibre, the axons may have swellings (varicosities) along the length to make many connections with the target tissue

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21
Q

Sympathetic Signalling Molecules

A

preganglionic: ACh -> nicotinic receptor

postganglionic: norepinephrine -> alpha or beta adrenergic receptors
ACh -> muscarinic receptor (associated with sweat glands and blood vessels associated with skeletal muscles only)

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22
Q

parasympathetic signalling molecules

A

preganglionic: ACh -> nicotinic receptor

postganglionic: ACh -> muscarinic receptor

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23
Q

Visceral reflex

A

it is similar to the somatic reflex, but the efferent branch is composed of 2 neurons

the central neuron projects from the spinal cord or brain stem -> synapses on the ganglionic neuron that projects to the effector

the afferent branch of somatic and visceral reflexes are similar

some visceral senses don’t form a conscious perception

the ANS function is based on the visceral reflex

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24
Q

Visceral sensation (afferent)

A

if a visceral sensation is strong enough it will rise to the level of consciousness

sensory homunculus isnt able to provide a representation of the internal structure, so visceral sensations are often experienced as referred pain

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25
role of visceral reflexes
maintain a balance of function in the organ systems of the body
26
ANS (efferent)
the 2 divisions of the ANS play a role in effecting change -> in competing directions the competing inputs can contribute to the resting tone of the organ system heart rate is normally under parasympathetic tone blood pressure is normally under sympathetic tone
27
Hypothalamus
the hypothalamus is the central autonomic structure coordinates sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent pathways to regulated activities of the organ systems majority of hypothalamic output travels through the medial forebrain bundle (connects the hypothalamus to the midbrain) and the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (connects the hypothalamus to the medulla oblongata) to influence the brain stem/spinal components of the ANS
28
Medial forebrain bundle
connects the hypothalamus to the midbrain and also connects the hypothalamus with higher centres of the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus) where emotion can influence visceral responses
29
Higher centres of the limbic system
have descending control of the ANS through brainstem centres, such as the cardiovascular centre the collection of medullary nuclei regulates cardiac function, as well as blood pressure sensory input from the heart, aorta, and carotid sinuses project to regions in the medulla
30
Solitary nucleus
increases sympathetic tone of the cardiovascular system through cardiac accelerator and vasomotor nerves The solitary nucleus is a structure in the brainstem that carries and receives visceral sensation and taste cranial nerves
31
Nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus
contribute fibres to the vagus nerve, which exerts parasympathetic control of the heart by decreasing heart rate
32
Sensation
activation of sensory receptor cells at the level of stimulus senses can be classified as general and special
33
perception
the central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern perception is dependent on sensation not all sensations are perceived
34
general senses
touch (tactile, pressure, vibration, temp, pain perception) also include the visceral senses, but they dont normally rise to the level of conscious perception
35
special senses
olfaction (smell), gustation(taste), audition(hearing), equilibrium(balance), and vision
36
Receptor cell
changed directly by stimulus transmembrane protein receptor mediates physiological changes in a neuron -> through the opening of ion channels or changes in the cell signalling processes
37
transmembrane receptors
activated by chemicals called ligands
38
transmembrane proteins
sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or thermal changes physical changes increase ion flow or protein changes across the membrane -> generates an action potential or graded potential in the sensory neurons
39
Sensory cells (structural, anatomy, and functional classifications)
cells that transduce sensory stimuli into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system structural classifications (interacting with the stimulus) -> free nerve ending, encapsulated endings, or specialized receptor cell anatomy classification (location of cell relative to the stimulus) -> interoceptor (internal organs), exteroceptor (external organs), proprioceptor (moving structures) functional classification (stimulus transduction) -> chemical = chemoreceptors (for olfaction and gustation) -> chemicals for tissue damage = nociceptors (detecting pain) -> solute concentrations = osmoreceptors -> physical stimuli = mechanoreceptors (somatosensation, audition, and equilibrium -> temp = thermoreceptors -> electromagnetic energy = photoreceptors (light perception)
40
Sensory info to PNS to CNS
either spinal nerves or cranial nerves
41
Spinal nerves
sensory info from the body that is conveyed through spinal nerves will project to the opposite side of the brain to be processed by the cerebral cortex
42
cranial nerves
can be strictly sensory fibres -> olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves or mixed sensory and motor nerves -> trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerve connected to the same side of the brain from which the sensory info originates
43
Gustation
Taste sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami surface of the tongue/oral cavity is lined by stratified squamous epithelium papillae (contain taste buds)-> contain structures for gustatory transduction taste buds contain specialized gustatory receptor cells for transduction of taste stimuli na+ = salty H+= sour (more cations = lower saliva pH = stronger stimuli) glucose = sweet alkaloids = bitter L-glutamate = umami
44
Olfaction
Smell olfactory receptor neurons are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal canal -> contain bipolar sensory neurons neurons have dendrites extending from the apical surface of the epithelium into the mucus lining the cavity olfactory bulb -> olfactory tract -> ventral surface of the frontal lobe
45
primary olfactory cortex
located in the inferior and medial areas of the temporal lobe forms the conscious perception of smell
46
Audition
Hearing the transduction of sound waves into a neural signal that is possible by structures in the ear
47
Auricle
external ear c-shaped curves direct sound waves to the auditory canal the canal enter the temporal bone of the skull through the external auditory meatus
48
External ear
auricle, ear canal, tympanic membrane
49
Middle ear
space spanned by three small bones called the ossicles malleus -> incus -> stapes
50
Inner ear
composed of a series of canals embedded within the temporal bone cochlea (hearing) has spiral ganglia and the vestibule (balance) cochlear duct contains sound-transducing neurons the cochlea is filled with a fluid called perilymph
51
Equilibrium
Balance equilibrium info is encoded by mechanoreceptors called hair cells with stereocilia
52
Vestibule
equilibrium sensing hair cells are located in the vestibule of the inner ear head positions is sensed by utricle and saccule -> brain interprets head position based on hair-cell depolarization pattern head movement is sensed by semicircular canals
53
Semicircular canals
3 ring like extensions of the vestibule
54
Vision
bony orbits surround eyeballs -> provides protection and anchors soft tissue
55
lacrimal gland
produce tears
56
Anterior cavity of the eye
space between the cornea and lens filled with a watery fluid called the aqueous humor
57
Posterior cavity of the eye
space between the lens and the retina filled with a more viscous fluid called the vitreous humor
58
Retinal structure
photoreceptors -> cones and rods they are located behind axons, ganglion cells, blood vessels -> light is deferred from the photoreceptors because of these structures
59
fovea
the centre of the retina, lacks supporting cells/blood vessels -> maximizes visual acuity
60
rods
low light levels
61
cones
higher light levels and are capable of colour vision
62
visual transduction
light falls on retina -> chemical change in pigment molecules of photoreceptors
63
photoisomerization
retinal's shape changes due to photon interaction
64
Colour vision
photoreceptors have opsins sensitive to specific wavelengths of light opsins provide colour visions
65
Visual acuity
visual acuity drops significantly away from the fovea
66
eye movement
there are 6 extraocular muscles that control eye movement extraocular muscles are innervated by 3 cranial nerves -> 3td, 4th, 6th motor nuclei of these cranial nerves connect to the brainstem, coordinating eye movements
67
sensory pathway
sensory input enters the brain -> reaches the diencephalon -> continues to the thalamus -> reaches the cerebral cortex except for the olfactory system which is directly connected to the frontal and temporal lobes
68
Dorsal column system
fine touch and proprioception (position/movement of the body) sensations switches over in the medulla
69
spinothalamic tract
pain and temp sensations switches over in the spinal cord
70
photopic vision
vision of the eye under well lit conditions (cones)
71
scotopic vision
vision of the eye under low-light conditions (rods)
72
purkinje effect
red and yellow are brighter under well lit conditions green and blue are bright under low light conditions
73
SML
blue = short wavelength green = medium wavelength red = long wavelength
74
rhodopsin
a pigment molecule contained in rods
75
frontal lobe
higher executive functions including emotional regulation, planning, reasoning and problem solving occur. also contains the primary motor cortex, the major region responsible for voluntary movement.
76
parietal lobe
responsible for integrating sensory information, including touch, temperature, pressure and pain.
77
temporal lobe
regions dedicated to processing sensory information, particularly important for hearing, recognizing language, and forming memories. contains the primary auditory cortex, which receives auditory information from the ears and secondary areas, and processes the information so we understand what we’re hearing Certain areas in the temporal lobe make sense of complex visual information including faces and scenes
78
occipital lobe
major visual processing centre in the brain. primary visual cortex
79
macula
the maculae indicates that the utricle responds to movements of the head in the horizontal plane, such as sideways head tilts and rapid lateral displacements, whereas the sacculus responds to movements in the vertical plane (up-down and forward-backward movements

BIOL 133 (5 decks)

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