Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 133 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

(94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Blood

A

a fluid connective tissue

transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body

defends the body against infection and other threats

regulates pH, temp, and other internal conditions (transports hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Formed elements

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
platelets (cell fragments
plasma (fluid extracellular matrix)

blood is composed of these formed elements

are relatively short lived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plasma

A

90% is water
remaining 10% is mostly plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) and other solutes (glucose, lipids, electrolytes, dissolved gases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Properties of blood

A

it is sticky and more viscous than water

slightly alkaline

temp is slightly higher than normal body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

the production of blood cells and platelets in bone marrow

ensure that formed elements are continually produced

begins in the red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells

A

differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid lineages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

give rise to most of the formed elements -> platelets, eosinophil, basophil, erythrocytes, monocyte, neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

give rise to lymphocytes -> B and T cells and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Erythrocytes

A

most abundant formed element in blood

red, biconcave disks packed with an oxygen carrying compound called hemoglobin

only live for 120 days

worn-out erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages and their hemoglobin is broken down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Breakdown products of erythrocytes

A

breakdown products are recycles or removed as wastes

globin is broken down into amino acids for synthesis of new proteins

iron is stored in the liver, spleen, or used by the bone marrow for the production of new erythrocytes

heme is converted into bilirubin or other waste products -> they are taken up by the liver and excreted in the bile or removed by kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

leukocytes

A

function in body defences

squeeze out of the walls of blood vessels through emigration or diapedesis -> then may move through tissue fluid or attach to various organs where they will fight pathogenic organisms/diseased cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

originate from myeloid stem cells -> so do the agranular monocytes

most abundant are the neutrophils -> first responders to infections, especially with bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

arise from the lymphoid stem cell line -> so do NK cells, B cells, and T cells

20-30% of all leukocytes are lymphocytes -> critical to the body’s defence against threats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Platelets

A

platelets are fragments of cells known as megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

many platelets are stored in the spleen, and others enter the circulation and essential for hemostasis (stopping the flow of blood, clotting)

also produce several growth factors important for repair and healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

movement of blood through vessels

A

heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillary beds -> venules -> veins -> heart -> lungs -> heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

arterial system

A

a relatively high-pressure system -> arteries have thick walls that appear round in cross sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

venous system

A

a low pressure system -> veins have larger lumens and thinner walls, will often appear flattened in cross sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vessels that have three tunics

A

Arteries, arterioles, venules, and veins

all have tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vessels that have one tunic

A

capillaries only have a tunica intima layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

valves in veins

A

many veins have valves that assist the unidirectional flow -> the valves are in innermost layer of the vein

when the muscles are relaxed the valves are closed, when muscles contract the valve above the muscle contraction open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tunica intima

A

simple squamous epithelium = endothelium and a small amount of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tunica media

A

a thicker area composed of variable amounts of smooth muscle and connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tunica externa

A

connective tissue

in veins it will also contain some smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

blood flow

A

the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
resistance
the slowing or blocking of blood flow
26
pulse
the expansion and recoiling of an artery, reflects the heartbeat
27
blood pressure
is the force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels or chambers of the heart systolic pressure = ventricular contraction diastolic pressure = ventricular relaxation
28
mean arterial pressure
the average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole MAP falls within the range of 70-110 mm Hg MAP = diastolic BP + (systolic - diastolic BP) / 3
29
Ischemia
insufficient blood flow to tissues if the mean arterial pressure falls below 60 mm Hg for an extended period of time, the blood pressure won't be high enough to make sure blood is circulated to and through the tissues
30
Variables impacting BP and blood flow (systemic circulation)
- cardiac output (L/min) - compliance (the degree to which a container experiences pressure or force without disruption) - blood volume - blood viscosity - length and diameter of blood vessels
31
Variables impacting BP and blood flow (arterial system)
vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles is a significant factor in systemic blood pressure
32
slight vasodilation in arteries
greatly decreased resistance and increases flow
33
slight vasoconstriction in arteries
greatly increases resistance and decreases flow
34
vasoconstriction in the venous system
assists in helping propel blood towards the heart unlike arteries, constriction in veins doesn't significantly increase blood pressure
35
capillary
a microscopic channel that supplies blood to the tissues -> a process called perfusion
36
Perfusion
blood supply to tissues moves through capillaries
37
microcirculation
description of the flow of blood through the capillaries
38
filtration
the movement of fluid out of the capillaries is driven by the capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) occurs on the arterial end of the capillary
39
reabsorption
the influx of tissue fluid into the capillaries is driven by the blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP) occurs on the venous end of the capillary
40
neural mechanisms
-> the cardiovascular centres in the medulla oblongata (brain stem ) -> baroreceptors in the aorta, carotid arteries, and right atrium -> associated chemoreceptors that monitor blood levels of oxygen, CO2, and hydrogen ions
41
endocrine mechanisms
-> epinephrine and norepinephrine -> ADH -> the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism -> atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) secreted by the cardiac atria -> erythropoietin (EPO)
42
atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
causes a reduction in expanded extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion
43
the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
drop in blood pressure and fluid volume -> kidney releases renin -> renin acts on angiotensinogen from the liver -> forms angiotensin I -> ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) is released from the lungs -> ACE acts on angiotensin I to form angiotensin II -> angiotensin II acts on the adrenal gland to stimulate the release of aldosterone -> aldosterone acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of salt and water angiotensin II also acts on the blood vessels, stimulating vasoconstriction
44
Pathway for blood from heart to lungs
right ventricle -> pumps oxygen-depleted blood into pulmonary trunk -> divides into right and left pulmonary arteries -> carry blood to the left and right lungs for gas exchange
45
Pathway for blood from lungs to heart
oxygen rich blood -> transported from pulmonary veins -> blood enters left atrium -> pumped into the left ventricle -> ventricle pumps blood into the aorta
46
Regions of the aorta
ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta descending aorta is then divided into the thoracic and abdominal aorta
47
coronary arteries
branch from the ascending aorta right coronary artery -> right marginal branch, left main coronary artery -> left main circumflex branch (goes across) and left anterior descending branch (goes down)
48
systemic blood return
deoxygenated blood from the systemic system is returned to the right atrium from the venous system via the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
49
superior vena cava
drains most of the veins superior to the diaphragm into the right atrium
50
inferior vena cava
drains most of the veins inferior to the diaphragm and the coronary veins via the coronary sinus
51
hepatic portal system
carries blood to the liver from the peritoneal area for processing before it is returned to the heart
52
common carotid arteries
right and left common carotid arteries-> go up either side of the neck to the brain
53
subclavian arteries
right and left subclavian arteries -> lie below the clavicles supply the upper extremities and neck
54
brachial arteries
in the arm, is an extension of the axillary artery think of the artery for blood pressure
55
radial arteries
artery on the lateral side of the arm is an extension of the brachial artery
56
ulnar arteries
artery on the medial side of the arm an extension of the brachial artery
57
femoral arteries
provides blood to the lower extremities and to part of the lower anterior abdominal wall large artery in the thigh
58
popliteal arteries
supplies blood to the knee and lower leg continuation of the femoral artery
59
posterior tibial arteries
branch of the popliteal artery the supplies blood to the posterior part of the leg and sole of the foot
60
mesenteric vein
drains blood from the distal portion of the gastrointestinal tract -> small intestine, ascending and transverse parts of the colon, distal parts of the stomach carries blood from your intestines to your liver
61
portal vein (role in the liver only)
main vessel of the portal venous system drains blood from the GI tract, gall bladder, pancreas, and spleen to the liver the mesenteric vein drains into the portal vein
62
internal jugular veins
paired venous structure collects blood from the brain and superficial regions of the face and neck connect to the superior vena cava
63
external jugular veins
connects to the subclavian veins formed by the union of 2 veins and drains blood from the scalp from behind the ear
64
subclavian veins
deep vein that drains blood from the upper extremities connects to the brachiocephalic vein which further connect to the superior vena cava
65
brachial veins
is a deep vein, drains blood from the arm between the elbow and the shoulder drains into the axillary vein
66
radial veins
deep vein in the forearm connects to the brachial vein
67
ulnar veins
deep veins in the forearm connects to the brachial vein
68
femoral veins
large blood vessel in each of your legs collects blood from the tissues of your lower legs and return it back to your heart
69
great saphenous veins
a superficial vein of the leg the longest vein in the body, runs along the length of the lower limb -> returns the blood from the foot, leg, and thigh to the deep femoral vein
70
popliteal veins
back of the leg drains into the femoral vein
71
pericardium
where the heart is located
72
mediastinal space
where the pericardium is located within the thoracic cavity
73
fibrous pericardium
one of two layers of the pericardium tough, outermost layer is made of connective tissue that prevents the heart from expanding too much
74
serous pericardium
one of two layers of the pericardium the inner layer -> is actually made of two layers the parietal and visceral - covers the heart directly produces pericardial fluid the lubricates the heart as it beats
75
anterior limit of the heart
sternum
76
posterior limit of the heart
thoracic vertebrae -> T5 to T8
77
lateral limits of the heart
lungs -> primarily the left lung
78
superior limit of the heart
the base of the heart -> beneath the second rib, and aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior and inferior vena cava
79
inferior limit of the heart
diaphragm
80
walls of the heart
composed of an outer epicardium (also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium) , a thick myocardium, and an inner lining of endocardium
81
atrial musculature
makes a w shape, going in towards the centre of the heart
82
ventricular musculature
makes a figure 8 shape
83
Septa
separate the chambers of the heart interatrial septum interventricular septum atrioventricular septum
84
atrioventricular valves
right tricuspid valve and left mitral valve prevent backflow of blood
85
chordae tendineae
each heart valve is attached to it and it is attached to papillary muscles
86
papillary muscles
extensions of the myocardium that prevent the valves from being blown back into the atria
87
right and left coronary arteries
the first arteries to branch off the base of the aorta
88
cardiac veins
are parallel to the cardiac arteries and generally drain into the coronary sinus
89
conductive cells
are within the heart and establish the heart rate and transmit it through the myocardium
90
contractile cells
contract and propel the blood
91
path of transmission for conductive cells
SA node in the right atria (pacemaker) -> internodal pathways/ Bachman's bundle -> AV node -> AV bundle of His -> bundle branches -> Purjkinje fibres
92
prepotential phase
the first part of the action potential for conductive cells -> a slow influx of Na+ cells
93
action potential for conductive cells
a slow influx of Na+ followed by a rapid influx of Ca2+ and outflux of K+
94

BIOL 133 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions