De facto census De jure census Modern census

1. Count 2. Rate 3. Ratio 4. Proportion 5. Constant 6. Cohort 7. Period Measure

1. Valid 2. Reliable 3. Sensitive 4. Specific 5. Feasible 6. Relevant

Lab Module 5-6 Flashcards by Song Riseul

study of outbreak of acute infectious diseases

Epidemiology

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study of the distribution and determinants (causes,risk factors ) of diseases or conditions in a defined population

Epidemiology

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Natural History and Spectrum of Disease Stages:

Exposure
1. Susceptibility
2. Subclinical Diseases

(onset symptoms) Time of Diagnosis
3. Clinical Diseases
4. Recovery, Disability or Death

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Parts of Subclinical Diseases

A. INDUCTION
B. INCUBATION
C. LATENCY

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LEVEL OF DISEASE OCCURENCE

A. SPORADIC
B. ENDEMIC
C. HYPERENDEMIC
D. EPIDEMIC
E. OUTBREAK
F. PANDEMIC

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Age, sex, race, genetic profile, previous diseases, immune status, religion, customs, occupation, marital status, family background

Host

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temperature, humidity, altitude, crowding, housing, neighborhood, water, milk, food, radiation, pollution, noise

environment

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biologic (bacteria, viruses) chemical (poison, alcohol, smoke) physical (trauma, radiation, fire) nutritional (lack, excess)

agent

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Chain of Infection:

portal of entry
Susceptible Host
Infectious agent
reservoirs
portal of exit
means of transmission

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Study computation in phone gallery:

–

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Branch of biometry which deals with data
and the law of human mortality, morbidity
and demography.

Vital Statisitics

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SOURCES OF POPULATION DATA

Census
Sample registration survey
Registration of live events
Institutional records

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Types of Census

De facto census
De jure census
Modern census

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components of variation and change in
demographic variables and relationship
between them.

Demographic Analysis

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relationships between demographic
variables and other variables such as social
and economic variables.

Population Studies

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TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY

Count
Rate
Ratio
Proportion
Constant
Cohort
Period Measure

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HEALTH INDICATORS

Valid
Reliable
Sensitive
Specific
Feasible
Relevant

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science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency.

Preventive medicine

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encompasses those undertaken
for the prevention of diseases and the
promotion of health which are primarily a
community responsibility.

Public health

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Objectives of Preventive Medicine:

1.) promote optimum health
- have a physically and mentally sounded body
2.) prevent departure from health
- free from any forms of illness
3.) prevent disabling illness after the onset of disease in man.
- to fix any forms of disability by
means of rehabilitation.

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Individual’s capacity is good and experiences no illness.

Its goal is to maintain his present health
status, or to further promote it.

This level is designed to promote general
optimum health or by the specific
protection of man against disease agents or the establishment of barriers against agents in the environment.

Primary level prevention

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The individual is recovering from a disease

This level is accomplished by early
diagnosis, prompt and adequate treatment
to prevent spread of the disease as well as
further complication is eliminated.

Remedied by having periodic health
examinations

Period of disability is shortened due to
adequate facilities were provided as a result death is prevented.

Secondary level prevention

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The level wherein the defect and disability
have been fixed which is accomplished by
rehabilitation.

To enhance the remaining capacities of an
affected individual :
1.) therapy hospital should be provided
2.) full employment to be given in
disabled person

Tertiary Level Prevention

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Invading microorganisms are confined in
one area. i.e. wound

Local Infection

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Microorganisms are confined to one area, w/c may serve as a source for further dissemination of toxic materials to other parts of the body. i.e. diarrhea

Focal Infection

When there is a general invasion and the entire body seems to be affected. i.e. typhoid fever and cancer

Systemic or General Infection

presence of bacteria in the bloodstream but no active multiplication on it i.e. Influenza and boils

Bacteremia

invasion of bacteria in the bloodstream w/ an active multiplication of microorganisms. i.e. typhoid fever caused by contaminated foods and drinks

Septicemia

presence of pus-forming bacteria in the bloodstream, characterized by the development of abscesses in various organs. i.e. carcinoma

Pyemia

a form of blood poisoning caused by toxin produced by certain microorganisms. i.e. canned food poisoning

Sapremia

condition of illness due to presence in the bloodstream of toxins, caused by the ingestion of foods contaminated w/ toxins i.e. ingestion of poisonous substance

Toxemia

a small number of people are affected among the population of a community. i.e. meningococcal meningitis, common colds

Endemic disease

when an endemic disease flares up affecting a large number of people and spread from person to person w/in a certain community. i.e. diarrhea, measles, chicken pox

Epidemic disease

when an epidemic becomes widespread and the disease is prevalent throughout the entire country. i.e. blood borne infections, HIV infection

Pandemic

Elements of an Infectious Disease Process

1.] Etiologic agents 2.] Reservoir 3.] Portals of entry and exit 4.] Mode of transmission 5.] Susceptible host

single celled parasites i.e. malaria, amoeba

Protozoa

multi-cellular parasites i.e. tapeworms and blood flukes

Metazoa

unicellular structure w/ long branching filaments i.e. ringworm, histoplasmosis

Fungi

single cell structure 1.) normal bacteria found lining the GIT, GUT and skin 2.) bacteria causing disease: invade & multiply in a portion of the body; produce toxin; initiate hypersensitivity response

Bacteria

microorganisms that are in between bacteria ( respond to antimicrobial agents) and viruses.

Rickettsia

obligate intracellular parasite

Viruses

the animal or place where the infectious agent can propagate.

Reservoir

3 Types of Reservoir

A.] Human carrier B.] Animals C.] Environment

transmits the infection before it becomes symptomatic.

Incubatory carrier

patients who had recovered from an acute illness may continue to shed the organism, particularly enteric infections caused by Salmonella or Shigella.

Convalescent carriers

patients who develop chronic infections and transmit the infection for long periods of time, usually over 1 year.

Chronic carriers

diseases that can be transmitted under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans

zoonoses

certain biologic agents, such as cryptococcus neoformans, live free in the environment. 1.] stagnant water esp. in canal where mosquitoes can breed and multiply 2.] dirty surrounding 3.] unsafe water supply due to pipeline leakage

Environment

1.] respiratory tract 2.] genitourinary tract 3.] alimentary tract 4.] skin 5.] in user transmission – belongings of an infected person like handkerchief of a hepatitis infected

Portal of exit

similar to the portal of exit

Portal of entry

occurs when the reservoir and the susceptible host are in close proximity.

Direct transmission

occurs from skin contact (i.e. syphilis) or w/ an organism in the environment (i.e. sporotrichosis)

Person-to person spread

occurs when infectious aerosols produced by coughing, talking, and sneezing transmit infection to susceptible hosts. (i.e. mumps)

Droplet spread

occurs when the reservoir and the susceptible host are separated. The separation can be fast, near or in a far distance. Examples: 1.] Vector spread involves mosquitoes, fleas and ticks 2.] Vehicle spread involves transportation of an infectious agent on inanimate objects ( fomites ) like toys, beddings or contaminated food, water, milk or biologic materials.

Indirect transmission

produced by talking, singing, coughing, or sneezing and float on air currents for varying periods of time.

Airborne spread

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control

1.] Fixing of responsibility 2.] Authority 3.] Reporting 4.] Early diagnosis 5.] Isolation 6.] Immunization of contacts 7.] Quarantine 8.] Maritime quarantine or Ship quarantine 9.] Disinfection and fumigation 10.] Carrier control 11.] Community immunization 12.] Official’s responsibility for communicable disease control 13.] Control of intermediate host

The government is the one responsible for the control of contagious diseases. The practicing physician does not have direct responsibility for enforcement of measures for the control of communicable diseases.

The fixing of responsibility

is required to control communicable diseases. A police power is instituted to protect the community from a recalcitrant (disobedient) patient w/ a contagious disease who refuses to observe the regulations of the health department.

Authority

A workable system for reporting all contagious diseases in the community must be devised. It is the duty of the practicing physician to report all cases of communicable diseases. Reports should be made as soon as possible after the tentative diagnosis has been made.

Reporting

The physician who first sees the patient makes a tentative diagnosis and institutes tentative unofficial isolation measures. He reports the case to the health department He may ask for any necessary laboratory aids in diagnosis i.e. FTA-ABS test for syphilis

Early diagnosis

When the diagnosis of communicable disease has been made the patient is isolated Purposes: 1.) isolation of the patient protects the community from dissemination of the specific agent to others. 2.) the patient is protected from factors that may influence the course of the disease unfavorably

Isolation

After the patient has been isolated next to consider is the possibility of preventing the disease among his contacts. This is immunizing the family contacts to get rid from such disease.

Immunization of contacts

Family contacts and other immediate contacts undergo quarantine. The duration is from the date of last exposure to the incubation period of the disease. The purpose is to prevent the spread of the disease.

Quarantine

Its purpose is to prevent the spread of a few highly important communicable diseases from infected ports to disease free nations. This quarantine is organized on an international basis. Diseases subject to quarantine such as cholera, hepatitis A and B, yellow fever, typhus, plague, small pox, leprosy, anthrax, AIDs, typhoid fever and CMV.

Maritime quarantine or Ship quarantine

This is done by thorough cleaning, airing and sunning of the sickroom, using only soap and water w/c are adequate protective measures. In the hospital all these matters are the responsibility of the nurse who attends to the sick person.

Disinfection and fumigation

The chronic carrier of an infectious agent is of great importance as a source of infection in communicable diseases. The detection and control of carrier is the function of the official health department

Carrier control

There are cases that a mass community immunization is needed to eradicate for the control of communicable diseases. The DOH takes charge of this project To date the nation have a national immunization day to give the population a chance to avail of free vaccines and toxoids against some common infectious diseases.

Community immunization

The local health department is responsible for communicable disease control measures. This is usually aided by the national gov’t. Often, the health department is aided by the national laboratory services where the production of biological products like vaccine, toxoids and hyper-immune sera takes place. Then products are used for prophylactic and therapeutic treatments.

Official’s responsibility for communicable disease control

Fumigation is now used chiefly to check diseases that are transmitted by those insects and rodents that are intermediate factors in the spread of disease The most effective fumigant is hydrocyanic acid gas. Steam is often used in the destruction of infectious agents on clothing and is an excellent germicide particularly if placed under 15 lb pressure.

Control of intermediate host

state of complete physical, mental, and socio cultural well-being

Health

a way of living that lowers the risk of being seriously ill or dying early

Health Lifestyle

active process of becoming aware and making choices towards a health and fulfilling life

Wellness

involves prevention, treatment and management of illness and preservation of health through the services offered by health care organizations

Healthcare

disease is not yet acquired

Preventive

already developed disease, and how to cure the disease

Curative

severe case of disease, address the complication

Palliative

progression of a disease, process, and individual over time, in the absence of treatment. Disease without any clinical intervention

Natural History

before a disease process begins to an individual

Pre disease

do not have clinical manifestation, the disease process have started but symptoms are not apparent

Latent/Asymptomatic

disease is advanced enough to produce clinical manifestation; the disease is complicated enough

Symptomatic

conditions in which people are born, work, grow, live, and aged. Circumstances shaped by distribution of money, power, resources in global, national or local level.

Social Determinants of Health

refers to fairness; properly allocation of health sources

Health Equity

refers to sameness; population B receives same as population A

Health Equality

Social Determinants of Health

1. Employment Conditions 2. Social Exclusion 3. Access to housing - clean house, less likely to acquire disease 4. Clean water and sanitation 5. Social protection system - importance of insurance; SSS (pension), SUNLIFE (children have more benefits) 6.Gender equity - refers to fairness 7. Early childhood development - involvement of family and environment around the household maintenance of the health 8. Globalization and Urbanization - country profession 9. Access to healthcare - health is politics

prevent onset of disease, pre-disease; keyword: PROTECTION

Primary Level

early diagnosis, latent disease; keyword: EARLY DETECTION SCREENING

Secondary level

symptomatic, keyword: COMPLICATIONS; limitations and rehabilitation

Tertiary level

Abstaining from Tobacco what level of prevention?

Primary level

cardiac stress what level of prevention?

Secondary level

smoking what level of prevention?

Secondary level

tumor what level of prevention?

tertiary level

colonoscopy what level of prevention?

Secondary level

smoking cessation after myocardial infarction what level of prevention?

tertiary level

oral prophylaxis what level of prevention?

Primary level

self breast examination what level of prevention?

Secondary level

use of condom what level of prevention?

Primary level

stress management what level of prevention?

Primary level

propela flood exposure what level of prevention?

Primary level

post ischemic what level of prevention?

tertiary level

Lab Module 5-6 Flashcards

(99 cards)