Lab Practical 1

Question 1

What kind of cell is this?

Answer 1

This is an elodea cell, belongs to the Kingdom Plantae

Question 2

What is this? Which Kingdom?

Answer 2

This is a paramecium, belonging to the Kingdom Protista

Question 3

What is this? List structures you can see. Which kingdom does this belong to?

Answer 3

These are cheek epithelial cells. Belonging to the Kingdom Animalia. See structures below.

Question 4

What is this? Which Kingdom does this belong to?

Answer 4

This is Euglena. It belongs to the Kingdom Protista

Question 5

Where can you find a pyrenoid? Which species and which kingdom?

Answer 5

Spirogyra has pyrenoids, it belongs to the Kingdom Protista

Question 6

What is this? What Kingdom does it belong to?

Answer 6

This is Cyanobacteria, it belongs to the Kingdom Monera

Question 7

What is the first generation of offspring called?

Answer 7

F1 or Filial generation

Question 8

What are antigens?

Answer 8

An antigen is a substance that stimulates an immune response.

Example: If a person has an A-antigen, their blood type is type A and posesses antibodies that clot type B blood

Question 9

Why is type O blood considered the universal donor?

Answer 9

Because O blood type does not express any antigen on it’s surface that can serve as a target for antibodies produced by the recipient, it is considered the universal donor.

Question 10

Briefly explain the blood types and antigens / antibodies they posess.

Answer 10

_{^{Type A blood produces “A” antigen and “anti-B” antibodies.<br></br> Type B blood produces “B” antigen and “anti-A” antibodies.<br></br> Type AB blood produces both “A” and “B” antigen but no antibodies.<br></br> Type O blood produces no antigen but both “anti-A” and “anti-B” antibodies}.}

Question 11

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 11

Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele

Example: red flowers + white flowers = pink

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

What is this? What kingdom?

Answer 14

Spirogyra, Kingdom Protista

Question 15

What is this? What kingdom?

Answer 15

Paramecium, Kingdom Protista

Answer 16

1. Chromatid
2. Centromere

3 and 4 are irrelavant right now

Answer 17

Prophase

Answer 18

Interphase

Answer 19

Late Telophase

Answer 20

Metaphase

Answer 21

Anaphase

Answer 22

Early Telophase

Answer 23

Interphase 1

Answer 24

Prophase 1

Question 25


Answer 25

Metaphase 1 

Question 26


Answer 26

Anaphase 1 

Question 27


Answer 27

Telophase I 

Question 28


Answer 28

Prophase 2 

Question 29


Answer 29

Metaphase 2 

Question 30


Answer 30

Anaphase 2 

Question 31


Answer 31

Telophase 2 

Question 32


Answer 32


Question 33


Answer 33


Question 34

True or false: Plant cells do not have a cell membrane

Answer 34

False; plant cells do have cell membranes, in fact, all cells have a cell membrane

Question 35

True or false: All cells have a nucleus

Answer 35

False; prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus

Question 36

What kingdom does Spirogyra belong to? Is it a prokaryote or a eukaryote? .

Answer 36

Spirogyra belongs to Kingdom Protista, it is a eukaryote

Question 37

What is the function of the nucleus? What kingdom contains organisms without a nucleus?

Answer 37

The nucleus stores DNA and is the “brain” of the cell. Kingdom Monera contains organisms without a nucleus

Question 38

List a difference between plant and animal cells

Answer 38

Plant cells contain chloroplast, animal cells do not Plant cells are fixed shapes whereas animal cells are irregularly shaped Vacuoles are much larger in plant cells than animal cells

Question 39

Which Domain does plant and animal cells both belong to?

Answer 39

Eukarya

Question 40

How many stages are there in mitosis?

Answer 40

4, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Question 41

True or false: Mitosis in plants is different than mitosis in animals.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

True or false: You cannot identify the stages of cell division using a microscope.

Answer 42

False, one can observe cell division with a microscope

Question 43

What is the major difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 43

Meiosis is for gamete production

Question 44

During Prophase in Mitosis, the major event that occurs is:

Answer 44

During mitotic prophase, the nuclear envelope disappears and the chromosomes condense

Question 45

During Anaphase in Mitosis, the major event that occurs is:

Answer 45

During anaphase in mitosis, the major event is homologous pairs separating

Question 46

During Metaphase in Mitosis, the major event that occurs is:

Answer 46

During metaphase, the major event is homologous pairs lining up at the equator

Question 47

During Telophase in Mitosis, the major event that occurs is:

Answer 47

During Telophase, the major event is Cytokinesis

Question 48

During G phase in Mitosis, the major event that occurs is:

Answer 48

The major event in G phase is the growth of the cell to prepare for cell division

Question 49

What is the alternate form of a gene called?

Answer 49

An allele

Question 50

Mitosis produces _______ cells, whereas Meiosis produces _______ cells (diploid/haploid)

Answer 50

Mitosis produces diploid cells, whereas Meiosis produces haploid cells

Question 51

What is the difference between being heterozygous and homozygous?

Answer 51

Heterozygous is a gene with two different alleles (Tt) whereas Homozygous is a gene with the same alleles (tt).

Question 52

What is a microscope’s resolving power?

Answer 52

A microscope’s resolving power is the measure of lens quality determined by the ability to deliver clear image in fine detail.

Question 53

What is the total magnification of the microscope if the ocular is 10X and the objective is on 40X?

Answer 53

400x

Question 54

You are looking at three colored, crossed threads in the microscope. You start to move the stage down and the first thread in focus is red. The second thread that is in focus is yellow and the third is green. Which color thread is on top?

Answer 54

Green is the thread on top

Question 55

True or false: When using a microscope, the fine adjustment knob gives initial focus on low power.

Answer 55

False, the course adjustment knob gives initial focus on low power.

Question 56

What does the iris diaphragm do on a microscope?

Answer 56

The iris diaphragm regulates the amount of light passing through the stage aperture and the specimen

Question 57

What are the four main Macromolecules we learned about in class?

Answer 57

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

Question 58

What are carbohydrates made of? What test do we use to test for carbohydrates?

Answer 58

Carbohydrates are made of sugar, we use the Benedict and Iodine test to test for Carbohydrates.

Question 59

What are proteins made of? What test do we use to test for proteins?

Answer 59

Proteins are made of amino acids, we use the Biuret test to test for proteins

Question 60

What are lipids made of? What test do we use to test for lipids?

Answer 60

Lipids are made of glycerol and fatty acids, we use the Sudan IV and the grease spot test to test for lipids

Question 61

What are nucleic acids made of? What test do we use to test or nucleic acids?

Answer 61

Nucleic acids are made of two types of nucleotides: DNA and RNA. We use the Dische Diphenylamine test to test for nucleic acids.

Question 62

\_\_\_\_\_\_ Chromatography separates based on size / shape \_\_\_\_\_\_ Chromatography separates based on solubility \_\_\_\_\_\_ separates based on size, shape and charge

Answer 62

Column Chromatography separates based on size / shape Paper Chromatography separates based on solubility Gel Electrophoresis separates based on size, shape and charge

Question 63

The positive control is ______ plus \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 63

The positive control is REAGENT plus KNOWN

Question 64

How do you calculate Rf value?

Answer 64

Distance traveled by sample divided by distance traveled by solvent

Question 65

If an amino acid is soluble, what will happen if you perform a paper chromatography test?

Answer 65

It will travel up the paper if it is soluble

Question 66

If a solution moves towards the + side of electrophoresis, what is the charge?

Answer 66

The charge would be negative if it moves towards the positive

Question 67

Dische Diphenalymine tests for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Biuret tests for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Sudan IV tests for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Benedict + Iodine tests for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 67

Dische Diphenalymine tests for **Nucleic Acids** Biuret tests for **Proteins** Sudan IV tests for **Lipids** Benedict + Iodine tests for **Carbohydrates**

Question 68

Briefly explain how molecules move in paper chromatography.

Answer 68

In paper chromatograpy, molecules move and separate based on solubility. Any molecules that are soluble will move WITH the solvent. Depending on the solubility, some will move faster than others

Question 69

What purpose does a buffer sever?

Answer 69

The buffer conducts energy and helps control the pH, the pH affects the stability and charge of the samples

Question 70

What three properties of molecules cause them to move differently from each other in gel electrophoresis?

Answer 70

A molecule's size, shape, and electrical charge

Question 71

If homologues are separating, what phase of meiosis is this?

Answer 71

Anaphase I

Question 72

If the parental cell has 24 chromosomes, how many does each daughter cell have at the completion of meiosis II?

Answer 72

12

Question 73

If there are 13 pairs of homologues in a primary spermatocyte, how many chromosomes are there in a sperm?

Answer 73

13

Question 74

Name the phase of cel division during which separation of sister chromatids occurs.

Answer 74

Anaphase II