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lab practical Flashcards

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1
Q

What information can a phylogenetic tree tell you?

A

Relationships between species, evolutionary history, and divergence times.

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2
Q

What is the basis for similarity differences between amino acids?

A

Differences in their side chains (R groups).

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3
Q

What would cause you to think one of the subjects diverged evolutionarily longer ago from the query sequence?

A

Lower similarity scores compared to another subject.

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4
Q

What tool did you use to compare Human and Chimpanzee Histone H4 sequences?

A

BLAST.

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5
Q

What were you able to do with an Unknown sequence in BLAST?

A

Identify similarities to known sequences.

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6
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

A species or group used to determine the evolutionary relationships within a clade.

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7
Q

Oscillatoria belongs to which group?

A

Cyanobacteria.

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8
Q

Euglena belong to which group?

A

Protista.

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9
Q

Moss and liverworts are classified as what type of plants?

A

Non-tracheophytes.

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10
Q

Ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are classified as what type of plants?

A

Tracheophytes.

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11
Q

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are what type of plants?

A

Seed plants.

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12
Q

Starfish belong to which group?

A

Echinodermata.

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13
Q

What are the major features of lichens?

A

Composed of fungal filaments and green algae or cyanobacterial cells.

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14
Q

What forms do lichens come in?

A
  • Crustose
  • Foliose
  • Fruticose
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15
Q

What features do flatworms, mollusks, annelids, and brachiopods have in common?

A
  • Blastopore becomes mouth
  • Schizocoely
  • Spiral cleavage
  • Determinate cleavage
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16
Q

What is the function special of female grasshoppers?

A

ovipositor which Aids in egg laying.

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17
Q

What is the lifecycle of Spirogyra?

A

Haploid mating types form conjugation tubes and fuse to create a zygospore.
contains:
cell wall
nucleus
chloroplast

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18
Q

What is the alternation of generations’ lifecycles?

A

Involves both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages.

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19
Q

What do male cones of Pine produce?

A

Pollen.

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20
Q

What do female cones of Pine produce?

A

Ovules.

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21
Q

parts fo angiosperms have?

A
  • Stamen (male)
  • Pistil (female)
    ovarian tissue surrounding the ovules develop into fruit
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22
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic, unicellular, and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

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23
Q

What are the three types of cyanobacteria?

A
  • Oscillatoria
  • Anabaena
  • Nostoc
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24
Q

What organisms are included in the group Alveolata?

A
  • Ciliates
  • Apicomplexans
  • Dinoflagellates
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25
What specimen from lab represents Ciliates?
Paramecium.
26
What specimen from lab represents Apicomplexans?
Plasmodium falciparum.
27
What features do dinoflagellates have?
Two flagella and armored plates.
28
What organisms are included in the group Stramenopila?
* Diatoms * Brown algae
29
What are the features of diatoms?
Silica cell walls and unicellular.
30
What are the features of brown algae?
Multicellular, photosynthetic, and include kelp.
31
What is the defining characteristic of Amoebozoa?
Presence of pseudopodia.
32
What are the features of red algae?
Photosynthetic, often found in marine environments.
33
What are the five synapomorphies that unite land plants?
Cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers.
34
What features do non-vascular plants include?
* Lack vascular tissue * Depend on water for reproduction - posses stomata
35
What are the features of liverworts?
Flattened thallus and reproductive structures. gemma cups
36
What structures can be found in mosses?
* Sporophyte * Gametophyte * Antheridia * Archegonia
37
What features do vascular plants have?
Presence of vascular tissues, roots, stems, and leaves.
38
What are the two major lineages of seed plants?
* Gymnosperms * Angiosperms
39
What features do gymnosperms have?
Naked seeds and typically woody structures. diperse pollen by wind
40
What is the function of microspores in gymnosperms?
Develop into male gametophytes.
41
What is the function of megaspores in gymnosperms?
Develop into female gametophytes. found in the pine
42
What are the features of angiosperms?
Flowers, fruits, and double fertilization.
43
What are the two types of mycorrhizae?
* Ectomycorrhizal Fungi (EMF) * Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
44
What are the characteristics of Porifera?
Multicellular, lack true tissues, and have a porous body.
45
What are the defining features of Cnidaria?
Radial symmetry and specialized cells called cnidocytes.
46
What are the two body forms of Cnidaria?
* Polyp * Medusa
47
What are the synapomorphies of Bilateria?
* Bilateral symmetry * Three germ layers
48
What are the synapomorphies of Protostomes?
* Blastopore becomes mouth * Spiral cleavage
49
What are the synapomorphies of Deuterostomes?
* Blastopore becomes anus * Radial cleavage
50
What are the synapomorphies of Nematoda?
* Pseudocoelomate * Cuticle
51
What are the characteristics of Arthropoda?
* Exoskeleton * Jointed appendages * Segmented body
52
What are the three largest groups of Arthropoda?
* Insects * Arachnids * Crustaceans
53
What are the synapomorphies of Echinodermata?
* Radial symmetry * Water vascular system
54
What are the four branches of Deuterostomes?
* Echinodermata * Hemichordata * Xenoturbellida * Chordata
55
What are the synapomorphies of Chordata?
* Notochord * Dorsal hollow nerve cord * Pharyngeal slits
56
What are the features of Urochordata?
Incurrent and excurrent siphons in the adult form.
57
What are the features of Cephalochordata?
Notochord persists throughout life; lancelet specimens.
58
what is phycoerythrin
give algae red color (pigmentation in their chloroplasts)
59
Coraline algae
red algae they make hard shell wall coral reefs by secreting carbonate
60
Rhodophyta
found in the marine environment secret frordian starch
61
Chlamydomonas
green algae asexual reproduction
62
volvox
colonial green algae (circular) most advanced similar to eudorina oogamous(eggs and sperm)
63
fern
stems called rhizomes roots (fronds) sori( brown dots)
64
gym

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