practical 2

Question 1

Tissue:

Answer 1

a group of cells found together in the body

Question 2

Epithelial tissue:

Answer 2

epithelium, sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of
the body, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands

Question 3

Connective tissue:

Answer 3

binds the cells and organs of the body together and
functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body

Question 4

Muscle tissue:

Answer 4

excitable, responds to stimulation and contracts to provide
movement. Occurs as three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle (located in the heart)

Question 5

Nervous tissue:

Answer 5

excitable, allows for the propagation of electrochemical
signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different
regions of the body

Question 6

Plant cells are formed at?

Answer 6

Meristems

Question 7

Dermal tissue:

Answer 7

composed of epidermal cells, closely packed cells that
secrete a waxy cuticle that aids in the prevention of water loss

Question 8

Ground tissue:

Answer 8

comprises the bulk of the primary plant body.
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells are common in the
ground tissue

Question 9

Vascular tissue:

Answer 9

transports food, water, hormones and minerals within
the plant. Includes xylem, phloem, parenchyma, and cambium cells

Question 10

what is the type of generalized plant cell, alive at maturity
Function in storage, photosynthesis, and as ground and vascular tissues

Answer 10

Parenchyma

Question 11

woody walls of certain cells of plants. Tend to conduct water and
minerals from roots to leaves

Answer 11

Xylem

Question 12

conduct food (glucose) from leaves to the rest of the plant. Alive at
maturity. Usually located outside the xylem

Answer 12

phloem

Question 13

retain their nucleus and control the adjacent sieve cells

Answer 13

companion cells (phloem)

Question 14

cells in which dissolved food flows through as sucrose

Answer 14

sieve cells (phloem)

Question 15

functions in prevention of water loss and acts as a
barrier to fungi and other invaders. Closely packed, with little
intercellular space

Answer 15

epidermal tissue

Question 16

a series of openings on the outside layer of leaf tissue.
Facilitate gas exchange between the inner parts of leaves, stems, and
fruits. Allow for gas exchange at a cost of water loss

Answer 16

stomata (guard cell)

Question 17

bean-shaped cells covering the stomata opening. They
regulate exchange of water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide through
the stomata.

Answer 17

Guard cells

Question 18

constituted by the collective processes where oxygen is taken
up from the atmosphere, delivered to body cells, and consumed, and the
process of producing carbon dioxide and delivering it to the lungs for
excretion into the atmosphere

Answer 18

respiration

Question 19

mechanisms by which a person obtains oxygen
from the external environment and eliminates carbon dioxide into the
external environment

Answer 19

external respiration

Question 20

mechanisms used to distribute oxygen to and remove
carbon dioxide from cells

Answer 20

gas transport

Question 21

chemical reactions of cellular metabolism in
which oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced.

Answer 21

internal respiration

Question 22

through the lungs to oxygenate the blood and remove
carbon dioxide

Answer 22

pulmonary circuit

Question 23

to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove
carbon dioxide

Answer 23

systemic circuit

Question 24

• Pacemaker cells start the electrical sequence of depolarization and
  repolarization
• The sinoatrial node (SA node) generates the electrical signal which
  spreads to the ventricular muscle via particular conducting pathways:
• When the depolarization signal reaches the contractile cells, they contract,
  this is systole
• When the repolarization signal reaches the myocardial cells, they relax,
  this is diastole

Answer 24

the Electrical and mechanical sequence of a heartbeat

Question 25

a point of departure of the electrical activity of depolarizations and repolarizations of the cardiac cycles and indicates periods when the ECG electrodes did not detect electrical activity

Answer 25

isoelectric line

Question 26

is a time measurement that includes waves and/or complexes

Answer 26

interval

Question 27

is a time measurement that does not include waves and/or complexes

Answer 27

segment

Question 28

single stage vital capacity

Answer 28

ssvc

Question 29

the total volume of air exhaled during 12 seconds to a minute of rapid, deep breathing, which can be compared with a predicted MVV defined as the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) × 35 or 40.

Answer 29

MVV Maximum voluntary ventilation

Question 30

How much air you can exhale forcefully in one breath. The FEV may be measured at 1, 2, or 3 seconds (FEV1, FEV2, or FEV3).

Answer 30

FEV Forced expiratory volume

Question 31

How do bronchodilators affect FEV?

Answer 31

improve lung emptying, which generally leads to an increase in forced expiratory volume in one second

Question 32

How would asthma affect MVV?

Answer 32

significantly reduces Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) due to airway narrowing and reduced respiratory muscle endurance

Question 33

In the normal cardiac cycle, the atria contract before the ventricles. What measurement in the ECG represents this?

Answer 33

P wave (reflects the electrical depolarization of the atria, and atria contract shortly after this depolarization.)

Question 34

Which components of the ECG are measured along the isoelectric line?

Answer 34

PR segment and ST segment

Question 35

Which component of the ECG can be used to give us the Beats per Minute (BPM)?

Answer 35

R wave specifically the interval between successive R waves (R-R interval)

Question 36

What is the effect of increasing the duration of the R-R Interval on BPM?

Answer 36

will result in a decrease in heart rate (beats per minute or BPM)

Question 37

How do negative feedback systems work? How do positive feedback systems work?

Answer 37

Negative feedback systems work by reducing or reversing a change to maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis). Positive feedback systems, in contrast, amplify or increase the initial change, often leading to rapid and dramatic changes.

Question 38

How does a negative feedback system differ from a positive feedback system?

Answer 38

A negative feedback system reverses a change, returning a system to a stable state, while a positive feedback system amplifies a change, driving it further away from a stable state.

Question 39

Which is more common negative or positive feedback systems in mammals?

Answer 39

negative feedback systems are far more common than positive feedback systems.

Question 40

Hormone relation to organs: targeting, secretion, and why we need to do that.

Answer 40

Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and travel through the bloodstream to target organs and tissues, where they trigger specific responses.

Question 41

What is the purpose of kidneys?

Answer 41

to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood, and to maintain a healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals in the body.

Question 42

What ‘methods’ did we use in lab to diagnose kidney diseases?

Answer 42

urinalysis: protein and glucose cytology: blood test (red and white ) kidney biopsy bladder biopsy x ray

Question 43

Key characteristics of kidney diseases (be able to diagnosis kidney diseases)

Answer 43

diabetes renal failure: caused by congestive heart failure and trauma induced acute renal failure

Question 44

What were the test used to conduct hearing tests?

Answer 44

rinne test: hitting an tuning fork webber test: hearing loss

Question 45

What are the structures of the ear and what task do they preform?

Answer 45

cochlea: contains hair cells allowing us to hear semicircular canals: also have hair cells/ maintain balance

Question 46

What are the structures of the eye and what task do they preform?

Answer 46

iris pupils retina

Question 47

How are sensory organs turn outside stimulus into messages our brain can interpret

Answer 47

stimuli into messages the brain can understand through a process called transduction. This involves specialized sensory receptors that detect specific stimuli, like light, sound, or chemicals, and convert them into electrochemical signals,