Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
isotonic contractions
A
Contractions that involve shortening of the muscle
2
Q
isometric contractions
A
tightening (contractions) of a specific muscle or group of muscles
- doesn’t noticeable change length
- joint doesn’t move
3
Q
agonist muscle
A
produce movements through their own contraction and generate specific movements
4
Q
antagonist muscle
A
relaxing and lengthening while the opposite shortens and contracts
5
Q
supinator
A
O: lateral epicondyle
I: posterior lateral radius
A: supination
6
Q
brachioradialis
A
O: lateral supracondylar ridge on distal humerus
I: base of styloid process of radius
A: flexion
7
Q
flexor carpi ulnaris
A
O: medial epicondyle and olecranon
I: metacarpals
A: flexion and adduction
8
Q
flexor carpi radialis
A
O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: metacarpals
A: flexion and abduction
9
Q
biceps brachii
A
O: coracoid process
I: radial tuberosity
A: flexion and supination
10
Q
triceps brachii
A
O: scapula and posterior humerus
I: olecranon
A: extension
11
Q
extensor carpi ulnaris
A
O: lateral epicondyle and posterior ulna
I: base of 5th metacarpal
A: extension and adduction
12
Q
extensor carpi radialis
A
O: lateral epicondyle
I: base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal
A: extension and abduction
13
Q
occipital lobe
A
primary visual area
14
Q
parietal lobe
A
-somatosensory areas
- postcentral gyrus
- localizes parts of the body where sensation originates
15
Q
frontal lobe
A
- primary motor cortex
- premotor area
- prefrontal cortex
- brocas area
- frontal eye fields for reading and scanning
16
Q
temporal lobe
A
- primary auditory and olfactory areas
- cortex superficial areas
- deep = smell
- wernickes area
- hippoampus
- amygdala
17
Q
cerebellum
A
region of the adult brain connected primarily to the pons that developed from the metencephalon (along with the pons) and is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord
18
Q
pons
A
- relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
- connects left and right cerebellum
- ascending sensory and descending motor pathways
- pneumotaxic and apneustic areas
- originates cranial nerve
19
Q
hypothalamus
A
- regulator of homeostasis
- emotions and behavior
- eating and drinking
- feeding center, satiety center, thirst center
- aids in controlling body temp
- circadian rhythms
- states of consciousness
20
Q
pineal body
A
melatonin
21
Q
thalamus
A
- relays all sensations except smell to cerebral cortex
- conscious recognition of pain, temp, light touch, and pressure
- awareness and knowledge
22
Q
corupus callosum
A
large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
23
Q
medulla
A
- reflex centers for regulation of heart rate, respiratory rate, and vaso- constriction
- swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccuping
24
Q
pituitary gland
A
- endocrine functions
- growth
- metabolism
25
dura mater
tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges that is attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral column and surrounds the entire CNS
26
meninges
three layers of membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord
27
midbrain
- connects pons and diencephalon
- regulates auditory and visual reflexes
- reticular formation
- corpora quadrigemina
28
septal nucleus
pleasure center
29
basal ganglia
- regulate initiation and termination of movement
- control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscle
- parkinsons disease
30
sympathetic chain ganglia
deliver information to the body about stress and impending danger, and are responsible for the familiar fight-or-flight response
31
sciatic nerve
a major nerve extending from the lower end of the spinal cord down the back of the thigh, and dividing above the knee join
32
brachial nerve plexus
the network of nerves that sends signals from the spinal cord to the shoulder, arm and hand.
33
prefrontal cortex
specific region of the frontal lobe anterior to the more specific motor function areas, which can be related to the early planning of movements and intentions to the point of being personality-type functions
34
precentral gyrus
ridge just posterior to the central sulcus, in the parietal lobe, where somatosensory processing initially takes place in the cerebrum
35
postcentral gyrus
primary motor cortex located in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
36
amygdala
emotions, fear, anger
37
hippocampus
gray matter deep in the temporal lobe that is very important for long-term memory formation, logic, and direction
38
superior and inferior colliculi
vision and hearing
-midbrain
39
alpha waves
- major rhythm in normal relaxed adults
- alert but not actively processing information
- calm and at ease
- linked to: extroversion, creativity, mental work
40
beta waves
- dominant rhythm when alert or slightly anxious
- eyes open, listening, thinking, analytical problem solving, decision making, relaxed and focused
- high IQ
- increased with ADD
41
theta waves
- slow brain wave activity
- daydreaming, prayer
- state between wakefulness and sleep
- creative and intuitive activities
- abnormal in most adults (anxiety, behavioral conflicts)
- reflects limbic system activity
42
delta waves
- lowest frequency waves
- deep sleep
- can occur during "empathy"
43
I. olfactory nerve
first cranial nerve; responsible for the sense of smell
44
II. optic nerve
second cranial nerve; responsible for visual sensation
45
III. oculomotor nerve
third cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of four of the extraocular muscles, the muscle in the upper eyelid, and pupillary constriction
46
IV. trochlear nerve
fourth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles
47
VI. abducens nerve
sixth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles
48
V. trigeminal nerve
fifth cranial nerve; responsible for cutaneous sensation of the face and contraction of the muscles of mastication
49
VII. facial nerve
seventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of the facial muscles and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production
50
VIII. vestibulocochlear nerve
eighth cranial nerve; responsible for the sensations of hearing and balance
51
VIV. glossopharyngeal nerve
ninth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles in the tongue and throat and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production
52
X. vagus nerve
tenth cranial nerve; responsible for the autonomic control of organs in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities
53
XI. accessory nerve
eleventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of neck muscles
54
XII. hypoglossal nerve
twelfth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles of the tongue
55
reflex
an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought.
56
sensory neuron
nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment that are in dorsal root ganglia
57
motor neuron
transmit impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal and smooth muscles (such as those in your stomach), and so directly control all of our muscle movements.
- apart of CNS
58
effector
that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector in order to bring about a physiological response to changes in the environment
59
pupillary reflex
The pupillary light reflex is an autonomic reflex that constricts the pupil in response to light, thereby adjusting the amount of light that reaches the retin
60
ciliospinal reflex
rapid dilation of the ipsilateral pupil (by 1 to 2mm) with a painful or startling stimulus.
61
biceps brachii reflex
flexion of forearm to text C5 and C6 reflex arc
62
triceps brachii reflex
involuntary contraction of triceps brachia to check for C7 function
63
patellar reflex
knee jerk that tests lumbar vertebrae
64
hamstring reflex
hamstring muscle that tests L5
65
achilles reflex
plantar flex
S1 and S2
66
bibinski/plantar reflex
toe curling
67
primitive reflex
first basic reflexes
- rooting, sucking, moro, grasp
68
dermatomes
cutaneous area developed from one embryonic spinal cord segment and recieving most of its sensory innervation from one spinal nerve (skin segments)
69
anterior chamber eye
The anterior chamber is the front part of the eye between the cornea and the iris.
70
choroid coat
the pigmented vascular layer of the eyeball between the retina and the sclera
71
ciliary body
the part of the eye that connects the iris to the choroid.
72
cornea
- covers iris and pupil and allows light to enter
73
iris
helps regulate amount of light entering the eye
74
lens
transmits light and focuses it on retina
75
posterior chamber
between iris and lens
76
pupil
lets light into eye
77
sclera
supports wall of eye ball and shape
78
vitreous humor/chamber
providing metabolic nutrient requirements of the lens, coordinating eye growth and providing support to the retina
79
pinna/auricle
outer ear
80
retina
converts light into electrical signals
81
tympanic membrane
ear drum, sends vibrations to inner ear
82
ossicles
connects tympanic membrane to inner ear to allow for the transmission of sound waves
83
middle ear
offset the decrease in acoustic energy
84
eustachian tube
connects middle ear with nasal sinus cavity and helps to balance pressure
85
semicircular canals
balance
86
cochlea
auditory transduction
87
vestibule
senses equilibrium and position
88
internal carotid artery
supplies oxygenated blood to brain and its structures
