Chapter 13: Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
primary vesicles of embyronic development
A
- prosencephalon
- mesencephalon
- rhombencephalon
2
Q
secondary vesicles of embryonic development
A
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
3
Q
sections of the brain
A
- cerebrum
- diencephalon
- cerebellum
- brain stem and reticular formation
4
Q
cerebrum parts
A
- cerebral cortex
- lobes
- basal nuclei
- limbic system
5
Q
brain stem parts
A
- reticular formation
- pons
- medulla
6
Q
right hemisphere functions
A
- left hand control
- music and art
- spatial perception
- insight
- imagination
7
Q
left hemisphere functions
A
- right hand control
- written and spoken language
- science and math
8
Q
blood brain barrier
A
- protects brain from many harmful substances and pathogens
- endothelial cells of the capillaries of the brain have selective permeability
- surrounded by astrocytes that secrete chemicals
9
Q
how is cerebrospinal fluid made?
A
CSF is made by networks of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles called the Choroid Plexuses
10
Q
cerebrum superficial areas
A
- gray matter
- gyri
- fissures
- sulci
11
Q
cerebrum deep areas
A
- white and gray matter
12
Q
frontal lobe parts
A
- primary motor cortex
- premotor area
- prefrontal cortex
- brocas area
- frontal eye fields for reading and scanning
13
Q
premotor area function
A
motor memory
14
Q
prefrontal cortex function
A
thinking and concentration
15
Q
brocas area function
A
expressive speech
16
Q
parietal lobe areas
A
- somatosensory areas
- postcentral gyrus
17
Q
parietal lobe function
A
localizes parts of the body where sensation originates
18
Q
somatosensory area function
A
conscious perception of touch, pressure, temperature, vibration, taste, pain, and itch
19
Q
temporal lobe areas
A
- primary auditory and olfactory areas
- cortex superficial areas
- deep = smell
- wernickes area
- hippoampus
- amygdala
20
Q
wernickes area function
A
comprehension of speech
21
Q
amygdala function
A
- emotions
- fear and anger
22
Q
hippocampus function
A
- memory
- logic
- direction
23
Q
occipital lobe function
A
- primary visual area
24
Q
diencephalon parts
A
- thalamus
- hypothalamus and mammillary bodies
- pituitary gland
- pineal gland
25
thalamus function
- relays all sensations except smell to cerebral cortex
- conscious recognition of pain, temp, light touch, and pressure
- awareness and knowledge
26
hypothalamus function
- regulator of homeostasis
- emotions and behavior
- eating and drinking
- feeding center, satiety center, thirst center
- aids in controlling body temp
- circadian rhythms
- states of consciousness
27
pineal gland function
secretes melatonin
28
pituitary gland function
- endocrine functions
- growth
- metabolism
29
midbrain (mesencephalon) function
- connects pons and diencephalon
- regulates auditory and visual reflexes
- reticular formation
- corpora quadrigemina
30
reticular formation function
- regulates muscle tone
- conciousness
- awakening from sleep
- RAS = reticular activating system
31
pons function
- relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
- connects left and right cerebellum
- ascending sensory and descending motor pathways
- pneumotaxic and apneustic areas
- originates cranial nerves
32
medulla function
- reflex centers for regulation of heart rate, respiratory rate, and vaso- constriction
- swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccuping
33
limbic system parts
- limbic lobe
- medial rim of hemispheres
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- septal nuclei
- olfactory bulb
34
septal nuclei
pleasure center
35
limbic system functions
emotion
- pain, pleasure, affection, anger
- olfaction
- memory
36
corpora quadrigemina of midbrain parts
- superior colliculi
- inferior colliculi
37
superior colliculi function
vision
38
inferior colliculi function
vision and hearing
39
cerebellum function
- coordination
- balance
-posture
40
cerebral vascular accident right side
- left hemiplegic
- left side weakness
- spatial difficulties
- poor judgement
41
cerebral vascular accident left side
- right hemiplegic
- right side weakness
- aphasia
42
basal ganglia function
- regulate initiation and termination of movement
- control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscle
- parkinsons disease
43
4th ventricle function
- filled with CSF
- protects brain from physical and chemical damage
44
EEG waves: alpha
- major rhythm in normal relaxed adults
- alert but not actively processing information
- calm and at ease
- linked to: extroversion, creativity, mental work
45
EEG waves: beta
- dominant rhythm when alert or slightly anxious
- eyes open, listening, thinking, analytical problem solving, decision making, relaxed and focused
- high IQ
- increased with ADD
46
EEG waves: theta
- slow brain wave activity
- daydreaming, prayer
- state between wakefulness and sleep
- creative and intuitive activities
- abnormal in most adults (anxiety, behavioral conflicts)
- reflects limbic system activity
47
EEG waves: delta
- lowest frequency waves
- deep sleep
- can occur during "empathy"
48
abducens nerve
sixth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles
49
alar plate
developmental region of the spinal cord that gives rise to the posterior horn of the gray matter
50
anterior column
white matter between the anterior horns of the spinal cord composed of many different groups of axons of both ascending and descending tracts
51
anterior horn
gray matter of the spinal cord containing multipolar motor neurons, sometimes referred to as the ventral horn
52
anterior median fissure
deep midline feature of the anterior spinal cord, marking the separation between the right and left sides of the cord
53
anterior spinal artery
blood vessel from the merged branches of the vertebral arteries that runs along the anterior surface of the spinal cord
54
arachnoid granulation
outpocket of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses that allows for reabsorption of CSF into the blood
55
arachnoid mater
middle layer of the meninges named for the spider-web–like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater
56
arachnoid trabeculae
filaments between the arachnoid and pia mater within the subarachnoid space
57
ascending tract
central nervous system fibers carrying sensory information from the spinal cord or periphery to the brain
58
axillary nerve
systemic nerve of the arm that arises from the brachial plexus
59
basal forebrain
nuclei of the cerebrum related to modulation of sensory stimuli and attention through broad projections to the cerebral cortex, loss of which is related to Alzheimer’s disease
60
basal plate
developmental region of the spinal cord that gives rise to the lateral and anterior horns of gray matter
61
basilar artery
blood vessel from the merged vertebral arteries that runs along the dorsal surface of the brain stem
62
brodmanns areas
mapping of regions of the cerebral cortex based on microscopic anatomy that relates specific areas to functional differences, as described by Brodmann in the early 1900s
63
carotid canal
opening in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the cranium
64
cauda equina
bundle of spinal nerve roots that descend from the lower spinal cord below the first lumbar vertebra and lie within the vertebral cavity; has the appearance of a horse's tail
65
caudate
nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei; along with the putamen, it is part of the striatum
66
central canal
hollow space within the spinal cord that is the remnant of the center of the neural tube
67
central sulcus
surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes
68
cephalic flexure
curve in midbrain of the embryo that positions the forebrain ventrally
69
cerebellum
region of the adult brain connected primarily to the pons that developed from the metencephalon (along with the pons) and is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord
70
cerebral aqueduct
connection of the ventricular system between the third and fourth ventricles located in the midbrain
71
cerebral cortex
outer gray matter covering the forebrain, marked by wrinkles and folds known as gyri and sulci
72
cerebral hemisphere
one half of the bilaterally symmetrical cerebrum
73
cervical plexus
nerve plexus associated with the upper cervical spinal nerves
74
choroid plexus
specialized structures containing ependymal cells lining blood capillaries that filter blood to produce CSF in the four ventricles of the brain
75
circle of willis
unique anatomical arrangement of blood vessels around the base of the brain that maintains perfusion of blood into the brain even if one component of the structure is blocked or narrowed
76
common carotid artery
blood vessel that branches off the aorta (or the brachiocephalic artery on the right) and supplies blood to the head and neck
77
corpus callosum
large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
78
cranial nerve
one of twelve nerves connected to the brain that are responsible for sensory or motor functions of the head and neck
79
descending tract
central nervous system fibers carrying motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord or periphery
80
direct pathway
connections within the basal nuclei from the striatum to the globus pallidus internal segment and substantia nigra pars reticulata that disinhibit the thalamus to increase cortical control of movement
81
disinhibition
disynaptic connection in which the first synapse inhibits the second cell, which then stops inhibiting the final target
82
dorsal posterior nerve root
axons entering the posterior horn of the spinal cord
83
dorsal posterior root ganglion
sensory ganglion attached to the posterior nerve root of a spinal nerve
84
dura mater
tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges that is attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral column and surrounds the entire CNS
85
dural sinus
any of the venous structures surrounding the brain, enclosed within the dura mater, which drain blood from the CNS to the common venous return of the jugular veins
86
endoneurium
innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a nerve
87
enteric nervous system
peripheral structures, namely ganglia and nerves, that are incorporated into the digestive system organs
88
enteric plexus
neuronal plexus in the wall of the intestines, which is part of the enteric nervous system
89
epineurium
outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire nerve
90
epithalamus
region of the diecephalon containing the pineal gland
91
esophageal plexus
neuronal plexus in the wall of the esophagus that is part of the enteric nervous system
92
extraocular muscles
six skeletal muscles that control eye movement within the orbit
93
facial nerve
seventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of the facial muscles and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production
94
fascicle
small bundles of nerve or muscle fibers enclosed by connective tissue
95
femoral nerve
systemic nerve of the anterior leg that arises from the lumbar plexus
96
fibular nerve
systemic nerve of the posterior leg that begins as part of the sciatic nerve
97
foramen magnum
large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium
98
forebrain
anterior region of the adult brain that develops from the prosencephalon and includes the cerebrum and diencephalon
99
gastric plexuses
the portion of the ventricular system that is in the region of the brain stem and opens into the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures
100
globus pallidus
nuclei deep in the cerebrum that are part of the basal nuclei and can be divided into the internal and external segments
101
gyrus
ridge formed by convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum or cerebellum
102
hindbrain
posterior region of the adult brain that develops from the rhombencephalon and includes the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum
103
hippocampus
gray matter deep in the temporal lobe that is very important for long-term memory formation
104
hypoglossal nerve
twelfth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles of the tongue
105
indirect pathway
connections within the basal nuclei from the striatum through the globus pallidus external segment and subthalamic nucleus to the globus pallidus internal segment/substantia nigra pars compacta that result in inhibition of the thalamus to decrease cortical control of movement
106
inferior colliculus
half of the midbrain tectum that is part of the brain stem auditory pathway
107
inferior olive
nucleus in the medulla that is involved in processing information related to motor control
108
intercostal nerve
systemic nerve in the thoracic cavity that is found between two ribs
109
internal carotid artery
branch from the common carotid artery that enters the cranium and supplies blood to the brain
110
inter ventricular foramina
openings between the lateral ventricles and third ventricle allowing for the passage of CSF
111
jugular veins
blood vessels that return “used” blood from the head and neck
112
kinesthesia
general sensory perception of movement of the body
113
lateral apertures
pair of openings from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space on either side and between the medulla and cerebellum
114
lateral column
white matter of the spinal cord between the posterior horn on one side and the axons from the anterior horn on the same side; composed of many different groups of axons, of both ascending and descending tracts, carrying motor commands to and from the brain
115
lateral horn
region of the spinal cord gray matter in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral regions that is the central component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
116
lateral sulcus
surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the temporal lobe and the frontal and parietal lobes
117
lateral ventricles
portions of the ventricular system that are in the region of the cerebrum
118
longitudinal fissures
large separation along the midline between the two cerebral hemispheres
119
lumbar plexus
nerve plexus associated with the lumbar spinal nerves
120
lumbar puncture
procedure used to withdraw CSF from the lower lumbar region of the vertebral column that avoids the risk of damaging CNS tissue because the spinal cord ends at the upper lumbar vertebrae
121
median aperture
singular opening from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space at the midline between the medulla and cerebellum
122
median nerve
systemic nerve of the arm, located between the ulnar and radial nerves
123
meninges
protective outer coverings of the CNS composed of connective tissue
124
mesencephalon
primary vesicle of the embryonic brain that does not significantly change through the rest of embryonic development and becomes the midbrain
125
metencephalon
secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum
126
midbrain
middle region of the adult brain that develops from the mesencephalon
127
myelencephalon
secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the medulla
128
nerve plexus
network of nerves without neuronal cell bodies included
129
neural crest
tissue that detaches from the edges of the neural groove and migrates through the embryo to develop into peripheral structures of both nervous and non-nervous tissues
130
neural fold
elevated edge of the neural groove
131
neural groove
region of the neural plate that folds into the dorsal surface of the embryo and closes off to become the neural tube
132
neural plate
thickened layer of neuroepithelium that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of an embryo and gives rise to nervous system tissue
133
neural tube
precursor to structures of the central nervous system, formed by the invagination and separation of neuroepithelium
134
neuraxis
central axis to the nervous system, from the posterior to anterior ends of the neural tube; the inferior tip of the spinal cord to the anterior surface of the cerebrum
135
occipital sinuses
dural sinuses along the edge of the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
136
oculomotor nerve
third cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of four of the extraocular muscles, the muscle in the upper eyelid, and pupillary constriction
137
optic nerve
second cranial nerve; responsible for visual sensation
138
orthostatic reflex
sympathetic function that maintains blood pressure when standing to offset the increased effect of gravity
139
paravertebral ganglia
autonomic ganglia superior to the sympathetic chain ganglia
140
Pareto-occipital sulcus
groove in the cerebral cortex representing the border between the parietal and occipital cortices
141
perineurium
layer of connective tissue surrounding fascicles within a nerve
142
phrenic nerve
systemic nerve from the cervical plexus that innervates the diaphragm
143
pia mater
thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that directly covers the surface of the CNS
144
plexus
network of nerves or nervous tissue
145
postcentral gyrus
primary motor cortex located in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
146
posterior columns
white matter of the spinal cord that lies between the posterior horns of the gray matter, sometimes referred to as the dorsal column; composed of axons of ascending tracts that carry sensory information up to the brain
147
posterior horn
gray matter region of the spinal cord in which sensory input arrives, sometimes referred to as the dorsal horn
148
posterior median sulcus
midline feature of the posterior spinal cord, marking the separation between right and left sides of the cord
149
posterolateral sulcus
feature of the posterior spinal cord marking the entry of posterior nerve roots and the separation between the posterior and lateral columns of the white matter
150
pre central gyrus
ridge just posterior to the central sulcus, in the parietal lobe, where somatosensory processing initially takes place in the cerebrum
151
prefrontal lobe
specific region of the frontal lobe anterior to the more specific motor function areas, which can be related to the early planning of movements and intentions to the point of being personality-type functions
152
pre vertebral ganglia
autonomic ganglia that are anterior to the vertebral column and functionally related to the sympathetic chain ganglia
153
primary vesicle
initial enlargements of the anterior neural tube during embryonic development that develop into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
154
proprioception
general sensory perceptions providing information about location and movement of body parts; the “sense of the self”
155
prosencephalon
primary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the forebrain, which includes the cerebrum and diencephalon
156
putamen
nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei; along with the caudate, it is part of the striatum
157
radial nerve
systemic nerve of the arm, the distal component of which is located near the radial bone
158
rhombencephalon
diffuse region of gray matter throughout the brain stem that regulates sleep, wakefulness, and states of consciousness
159
sacral plexus
primary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the hindbrain, which includes the pons, cerebellum, and medulla
160
saphenous nerve
systemic nerve of the lower anterior leg that is a branch from the femoral nerve
161
sciatic nerve
systemic nerve from the sacral plexus that is a combination of the tibial and fibular nerves and extends across the hip joint and gluteal region into the upper posterior leg
162
sciatica
painful condition resulting from inflammation or compression of the sciatic nerve or any of the spinal nerves that contribute to it
163
secondary vesicle
five vesicles that develop from primary vesicles, continuing the process of differentiation of the embryonic brain
164
sigmoid sinuses
dural sinuses that drain directly into the jugular veins
165
somatosensation
general senses related to the body, usually thought of as the senses of touch, which would include pain, temperature, and proprioception
166
spinal accessory nerve
eleventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of neck muscles
167
spinal nerve
one of 31 nerves connected to the spinal cord
168
straight sinus
dural sinus that drains blood from the deep center of the brain to collect with the other sinuses
169
striatum
the caudate and putamen collectively, as part of the basal nuclei, which receive input from the cerebral cortex
170
subarachnoid space
space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains CSF and the fibrous connections of the arachnoid trabeculae
171
subcortical nucelus
all the nuclei beneath the cerebral cortex, including the basal nuclei and the basal forebrain
172
substantia nigra pars compacta
nuclei within the basal nuclei that release dopamine to modulate the function of the striatum; part of the motor pathway
173
substantia nigra pars reticulata
nuclei within the basal nuclei that serve as an output center of the nuclei; part of the motor pathway
174
subthalamus
nucleus within the basal nuclei that is part of the indirect pathway
175
sulcus
groove formed by convolutions in the surface of the cerebral cortex
176
superior sagittal sinus
dural sinus that runs along the top of the longitudinal fissure and drains blood from the majority of the outer cerebrum
177
sympathetic chain ganglia
autonomic ganglia in a chain along the anterolateral aspect of the vertebral column that are responsible for contributing to homeostatic mechanisms of the autonomic nervous system
178
systemic nerve
nerve in the periphery distal to a nerve plexus or spinal nerve
179
tectum
region of the midbrain, thought of as the roof of the cerebral aqueduct, which is subdivided into the inferior and superior colliculi
180
tegmentum
region of the midbrain, thought of as the floor of the cerebral aqueduct, which continues into the pons and medulla as the floor of the fourth ventricle
181
telencephalon
secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the cerebrum
182
terminal ganglion
autonomic ganglia that are near or within the walls of organs that are responsible for contributing to homeostatic mechanisms of the autonomic nervous system
183
third ventricle
portion of the ventricular system that is in the region of the diencephalon
184
tibial nerve
systemic nerve of the posterior leg that begins as part of the sciatic nerve
185
transverse sinuses
dural sinuses that drain along either side of the occipital–cerebellar space
186
trigeminal ganglion
sensory ganglion that contributes sensory fibers to the trigeminal nerve
187
trigeminal nerve
fifth cranial nerve; responsible for cutaneous sensation of the face and contraction of the muscles of mastication
188
trochlear nerve
fourth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles
189
ulnar nerve
systemic nerve of the arm located close to the ulna, a bone of the forearm
190
vagus nerve
tenth cranial nerve; responsible for the autonomic control of organs in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities
191
ventral nerve root
axons emerging from the anterior or lateral horns of the spinal cord
192
ventricles
remnants of the hollow center of the neural tube that are spaces for cerebrospinal fluid to circulate through the brain
193
vertebral arteries
arteries that ascend along either side of the vertebral column through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and enter the cranium through the foramen magnum
194
vestibulocohclear nerve
eighth cranial nerve; responsible for the sensations of hearing and balance
195
brachial plexus
nerve plexus associated with the lower cervical spinal nerves and first thoracic spinal nerve
196
brachial plexus
nerve plexus associated with the lower cervical spinal nerves and first thoracic spinal nerve
197
glossopharyngeal nerve
ninth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles in the tongue and throat and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production
198
glossopharyngeal nerve
ninth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles in the tongue and throat and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production
199
olfactory nerve
first cranial nerve; responsible for the sense of smell
200
nerve ramus
branching of nerve after it passes through the intervertebral foramen
201
dermatomes
cutaneous area developed from one embryonic spinal cord segment and recieving most of its sensory innervation from one spinal nerve (skin segments)
202
reflex arc
- receptor
- sensory neuron
- motor neuron
- integrating center neuron
- effector
203
stretch reflex
- ipsilateral
- to maintain muscle tone and coordination during exercise
- monosynaptic
- controls muscle length by causing muscle contraction
204
tendon reflex
- ipsilateral
- prevents damage to muscles and tendons
- controls muscle tension by causing muscle force becomes too excessive
205
Golgi rendon organ
responds to tension created by the muscle
206
flexor or withdrawal reflex
-ipsilateral
- protective withdrawal to avoid pain
- contract flexor muscle to move limb
207
crossed-extensor reflex
- works with flexor reflex
- contralateral
- synchronized extension of joints of one limb while the opposite limb is flexing
- helps maintain balance during the flexor reflex
208
shingles
acute infection of peripheral nerves by herpe zoster virus
209
poliomyelitis
viral infection destroys motor neurons
210
cervical plexus
* skin and muscles of
head
* C1-C5
* Upper shoulders
* Connects with cranial
nerves
* Diaphragm
– Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
211
brachial plexus
* Upper extremities
* neck
* Shoulder
* C5-T1
212
lumbar plexus
* Anterolateral abdominal
wall
* External genitals
* Part of lower extremity
– Femoral nerve
– Obturator nerve
* L1-L4
213
sacral plexus
* Buttocks
* Perineum
* Part of lower
extremities
* Sciatic nerve
* L4-S4
